Who is Allah?

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Wooden dhows under sail, built by hand as boats have been for millennia

The ark and the promise

Noah

(peace be upon him)
נֹחַنوحNoaḥ · Nūḥ

A righteous man in a violent age, a flood, and God's covenant with every living thing.

▶ Watch the three tellingsBefore history · as tradition places it
Stand-in photograph: *rboed* · CC BY 2.0

The name in three scripts

HebrewנֹחַNoaḥ“rest”
GreekΝῶεNoeGreek
ArabicنوحNūḥsurah 71 is named after him

One-minute snapshot

In a minute

Before historyRead time 1 min
TorahGospelQur'an

Noah (peace be upon him) lived in a world filled with violence. God told him to build an ark and warn his people. Few listened. The flood came, and Noah, his family and the animals in the ark were saved. All three faiths tell the story. Genesis ends with a rainbow and God's covenant with every living creature. Christians see a picture of salvation and baptism. The Qur'an adds Noah's long preaching and the heartbreak of a son who would not board.

A satellite perspective view of the snow-capped twin peaks of Mount Ararat.
Mount Ararat in a Landsat perspective view. NASA / JPL (public domain)

Watch

Three traditions, three films

Each told by its own community, in its own words, side by side. More on F-ILM.

A Jewish telling

Covenant & Conversation | Noach | Rabbi SacksThe Rabbi Sacks Legacy · 12 minRabbi Sacks on Noach: righteousness, the flood and the covenant with all humanity.

A Christian telling

Noah's Ark (Genesis 7-9)Saddleback Kids · 4 min Shows prophets (a film-maker's portrayal)Kids option: Saddleback Kids Noah's Ark (Genesis 7-9).

A Muslim telling

Stories of the Prophets EP2: The Steadfastness of NuhQalam Institute · 11 minQalam: the steadfastness of Nuh, a focused 11-minute Muslim telling.

The story

One man warns; an ark; a flood; a promise to all life. All three faiths remember Noah (peace be upon him), and each draws its own lesson from the water.

George Smith, a young British Museum assistant, was reading a broken clay tablet from ancient Nineveh when he stopped. It was 1872. It described a man warned by a god of a coming flood, a boat sealed with pitch, animals taken on board, and birds sent out to look for land. Smith was so excited, the story goes, that he jumped up and began to undress in front of his colleagues. He had found a Babylonian flood story older than any surviving copy of Genesis.

Noah (peace be upon him) is remembered by Jews, Christians and Muslims as the one righteous man of a corrupt age. The story of his ark has given us rainbows on nursery walls and some of the hardest questions in scripture.

“The ark sailed with them through waves like mountains. Noah called to his son, who had stayed apart: “My son, ride with us, and do not be with those who deny.” He said, “I will take refuge on a mountain that will keep me from the water.” Noah said, “Today there is no refuge from God’s command, except for those on whom He has mercy.” And the waves came between them, and he was among the drowned. Then it was said: “And it was said: O earth! Swallow thy water and, O sky! be cleared of clouds! And the water was made to subside. And the commandment was fulfilled. And it (the ship) came to rest upon (the mount) Al-Judi and it was said: A far removal for wrongdoing folk!”

Qur'an 11:42–44 · Pickthall (1930)

Surah Hud tells the flood in a few vivid verses, including a scene found only in the Qur’an: Noah pleading with his own son, who refuses to board. Genesis ends its flood story with a sign in the sky: “I have set My bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between Me and the earth” (Genesis 9:13, JPS 1917).

The world behind the story

Flood stories are found in many ancient cultures, but the closest to Genesis come from Mesopotamia. The tablet George Smith read is Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which a man named Utnapishtim survives a flood sent by the gods. The older Atrahasis epic tells a similar story. In 2014 Irving Finkel, a curator at the British Museum, published a small tablet from about 1750 BCE that gives building instructions for the ark. It was to be round, like a giant coracle, the river boats once used in Iraq.

Gilgamesh flood tablet: British Museum Flood Tablet 1
British Museum Flood Tablet 1. Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net). / CC BY-SA 4.0 (via Wikimedia Commons)

Why Mesopotamia? Southern Iraq is a flat land between two great rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and it flooded often and sometimes catastrophically. In 1929 Leonard Woolley found a thick layer of clean flood silt at Ur and announced that he had found Noah’s flood. Later digs showed that such layers come from different floods at different times in different cities. Floods were a constant memory there.

Geologists have looked for a single worldwide flood in the time of human history and have not found one. Tree rings, ice cores and the layers of rock show no such event. In 1997 the marine geologists William Ryan and Walter Pitman suggested that the Black Sea filled suddenly about 7,600 years ago when the Mediterranean broke through the Bosporus. This, they said, might lie behind flood memories. Their idea is still debated; other researchers argue the Black Sea rose more gently.

Where did the ark rest? Genesis says “upon the mountains of Ararat” (8:4), the ancient kingdom of Urartu in eastern Turkey and Armenia. The Qur’an says al-Judi (11:44), which many Muslim and Syriac Christian traditions identify with Mount Cudi in south-east Turkey. Expeditions claiming to find the ark have repeatedly been shown to be mistaken or worse. For believers, the story’s truth rests on revelation; for historians, it is a window into how ancient people faced the power of water.

1872George Smith reads the Babylonian flood tablet at the British Museum
c. 1750 BCEdate of the Ark Tablet describing a round boat
950years of Noah’s preaching in the Qur’an (29:14)

What each faith says

Read:

Judaism

“These are the generations of Noah. Noah was in his generations a man righteous and wholehearted; Noah walked with God.”

Genesis 6:9 · JPS 1917

In Genesis 6–9, God sees that the earth is “filled with violence” and decides to bring a flood. Noah, “righteous and wholehearted”, builds an ark and takes his family and the animals. After the flood, God makes a covenant not just with Noah but “with every living creature”, sealed by the rainbow. He promises: “While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease” (8:22).

The rabbis debated a single phrase: Noah was righteous “in his generations”. One said this was praise, since he was good even in a wicked age. Another said it was faint praise: in the generation of Abraham he would not have stood out (Sanhedrin 108a). Jewish tradition also derives from Noah the seven Noahide laws, moral laws for all humanity. They include bans on murder, theft and cruelty to animals, and the duty to set up courts of justice.

The covenant became a blessing. When Jews see a rainbow, they say: “Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, who remembers the covenant, is faithful to His covenant, and keeps His word” (Berakhot 59a). Some teachers advise not staring at it too long, out of awe. A sight that children paint on nursery walls is, in Jewish practice, a moment to stop and say thank you.

Christianity

“who before were disobedient, when God waited patiently in the days of Noah, while the ship was being built. In it, few, that is, eight souls, were saved through water.”

1 Peter 3:20 · WEB

Christians read the flood story in Genesis and see in it pictures of salvation. Jesus compared the days before the end of the age to the days of Noah. People went on “eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage” without noticing what was coming (Matthew 24:37–38). The first letter of Peter sees the eight people saved “through water” as a picture of baptism (1 Peter 3:20–21).

Early Christians painted Noah’s ark in the catacombs of Rome as a symbol of the Church. Many church buildings still call their main hall the nave, from the Latin for “ship”. Many Christians today read the story as a true account of God’s judgement and mercy told in the language of its time; others hold to a literal worldwide flood. Both find in the rainbow a sign of God’s faithfulness.

Islam

“And it was said: O earth! Swallow thy water and, O sky! be cleared of clouds! And the water was made to subside. And the commandment was fulfilled. And it (the ship) came to rest upon (the mount) Al-Judi and it was said: A far removal for wrongdoing folk!”

Qur'an 11:44 · Pickthall (1930)

Noah (Nuh) is one of the five greatest messengers in Islam, and a whole chapter, Surah Nuh (71), is named after him. The Qur’an says he preached to his people for “a thousand years save fifty” (29:14, Pickthall), by night and by day, in public and in private. They put their fingers in their ears (71:5–9). Only a few believed. The ark is built “under Our eyes” (11:37, Pickthall), and those who mocked him are drowned.

The most painful scene is Noah and his son. When Noah prays that his son belongs to his family, God answers: “He said: O Noah! Lo! he is not of thy household; lo! he is of evil conduct, so ask not of Me that whereof thou hast no knowledge. I admonish thee lest thou be among the ignorant.” (11:46, Pickthall). Muslim scholars read this as a lesson that faith and righteousness matter more than blood ties. The ark comes to rest on al-Judi, and Noah descends “It was said (unto him): O Noah! Go thou down (from the mountain) with peace from Us and blessings upon thee and some nations (that will spring) from those with thee. (There will be other) nations unto whom We shall give enjoyment a long while and then a painful doom from Us will overtake them.” (11:48, Pickthall).

Same and different

All three remember a righteous man who warned a violent world, built an ark at God’s command, and was saved with those who believed. All three see the flood as both judgement and mercy, and all three end with a new beginning. They differ in detail and emphasis. Christians see salvation through water and a sign of the age to come. The Qur’an adds Noah’s long preaching and the tragedy of his son, stressing faith over family. Genesis ends with God’s covenant with every living creature and the rainbow, which Jews still greet with a blessing. Genesis has the ark rest in the mountains of Ararat, the Qur’an on al-Judi. Historians compare all these with the older Mesopotamian flood stories; believers hold their own scripture as revelation.

A moment to reflect

  1. Noah kept warning for a very long time with little response. What keeps someone going when no one listens?
  2. What do you make of the scene with Noah’s son? Is faith thicker than blood?
  3. Genesis says God made a promise to every living creature, not only humans. What does that ask of us?
  4. Which story from long ago does your family keep telling? Why do you think it has lasted?

Watch

The British Museum on the Ark Tablet and why the ark may have been imagined as round.

Irving Finkel’s full lecture on the Ark Tablet and ancient flood stories.

A scholar of religion on the older Mesopotamian flood stories and how Genesis differs.

Do it together

families / schoolsBuild a coracle

Following the Ark Tablet, make a small round boat from a bowl of woven card or willow lined with clay or foil. Test how many marbles it can carry before it sinks.

neighbours / faith groupsRainbow covenant walk

Genesis says God’s covenant is with every living creature. Do a local wildlife count together for an hour, then talk about one thing your group could do to protect it.

schools / community groupsThe flood tablet

Visit the British Museum and find the Gilgamesh flood tablet in the Mesopotamia rooms. Compare its story with Genesis 6–9 and Qur’an 11:25–49.

families / schoolsThe rainbow blessing

Learn the short Jewish blessing for seeing a rainbow (Berakhot 59a). Next time one appears, stop together, say it or simply say thank you, and notice how long it lasts.

neighbours / church groupsHarvest Festival

In September and October, many British churches and schools hold Harvest Festival, giving thanks for “seedtime and harvest” and collecting food for local food banks. Join one, or bring neighbours of other faiths to help sort the gifts.

Check yourself

Three quick questions. No score, nothing saved.

1. What did George Smith find in 1872?

2. What do geologists find?

3. What detail does the Qur'an add?

Sources (6)
  1. George Smith identifies the flood story in 1872: British Museum, The Flood Tablet
  2. Ark Tablet, about 1750 BCE, round boat: Finkel, The Ark Before Noah (Hodder, 2014); Wikipedia, Irving Finkel
  3. Woolley’s flood layer at Ur, 1929, local floods: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ur
  4. Black Sea deluge hypothesis and debate: Ryan et al., Marine Geology 138, 1997; Wikipedia summary
  5. Ararat as Urartu: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Urartu
  6. Al-Judi identified with Mount Cudi in Syriac and Islamic tradition: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mount Judi

Side by side

Three tellings

Quotations: Torah and Hebrew Bible, JPS 1917 · New Testament, World English Bible (British Edition) · Qur'an, Pickthall (1930). Translations and sources

Hebrew Bible · Torah

In Jewish tradition's own words.

A painted wooden model of an Egyptian river boat with oars.
Model of a river boat, Egypt, about 1875 BCE: how ancient boats were built of wood. Ancient Egyptian, Art Institute of Chicago (CC0)
  • The earth is corrupt; Noah is righteous and builds the ark.
  • The flood; the raven and the dove.
  • The altar, the rainbow and the covenant with all life.
  • Laws for all humanity.

The rabbis debate “righteous in his generations”: high praise, or faint praise for a bad age (Sanhedrin 108a).

The seven Noahide laws (Sanhedrin 56a) are the moral law Judaism sets for all humanity.

Key passages: Genesis 6:5–9:29

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

The Christian telling

In Christian tradition's own words.

A great storm system seen from orbit above the Pacific.
A South Pacific storm photographed from Skylab, 1974. NASA / JSC (public domain)
  • Jesus compares “the days of Noah” with the end of the age.
  • Peter links the ark with baptism.
  • Hebrews praises Noah's faith.
“By faith Noah, being warned about things not yet seen, moved with godly fear, prepared a ship for the saving of his house, through which he condemned the world and became heir of the righteousness which is according to faith.”Hebrews 11:7 · WEB (British Edition)

The ark appears in the catacomb paintings as a sign of the Church. The “nave” of a church takes its name from the Latin navis, “ship”.

Key passages: Matthew 24:37–39; Luke 17:26–27; Hebrews 11:7; 1 Peter 3:20–21; 2 Peter 2:5

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

The Qur'an

In Islamic tradition's own words.

Heavy waves breaking over rocks in a storm.
Storm at Jaffa, early 20th century: “waves like mountains” (Qur'an 11:42). American Colony (Jerusalem) Photo Dept. / Matson Photo Service, Library of Congress (public domain)
  • Noah (peace be upon him) preaches “a thousand years save fifty”; his people mock and block their ears.
  • The ark is built “under Our eyes”.
  • His son refuses to board and drowns.
  • The ark comes to rest on al-Judi.
“And it sailed with them amid waves like mountains, and Noah cried unto his son - and he was standing aloof - O my son! Come ride with us, and be not with the disbelievers.”Qur'an 11:42 · Pickthall (1930)

Ibn Kathir, on 11:40–48: the lesson of 11:46 is that faith outweighs blood ties.

Noah (peace be upon him) is counted among the five “messengers of resolve” (ulu al-ʿazm), with Abraham (peace be upon him), Moses, Jesus and Muhammad ﷺ (peace be upon him), on the basis of 46:35 and 33:7.

Key passages: Qur'an 7:59–64; 10:71–73; 11:25–49; 23:23–30; 26:105–122; 29:14–15; 54:9–17; 71:1–28

Read the passages Hebrew Bible · Torah · 1

Genesis 6:5–9 · Hebrew Bible · JPS 1917

5

וַיַּרְא יְהוָה כִּי רַבָּה רָעַת הָאָדָם בָּאָרֶץ וְכָל־יֵצֶר מַחְשְׁבֹת לִבּוֹ רַק רַע כָּל־הַיּוֹם׃

And the LORD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.

6

וַיִּנָּחֶם יְהוָה כִּי־עָשָׂה אֶת־הָאָדָם בָּאָרֶץ וַיִּתְעַצֵּב אֶל־לִבּוֹ׃

And it repented the LORD that He had made man on the earth, and it grieved Him at His heart.

7

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶמְחֶה אֶת־הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָאתִי מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה מֵאָדָם עַד־בְּהֵמָה עַד־רֶמֶשׂ וְעַד־עוֹף הַשָּׁמָיִם כִּי נִחַמְתִּי כִּי עֲשִׂיתִם׃

And the LORD said: ‘I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air; for it repenteth Me that I have made them.’

8

וְנֹחַ מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה׃

But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.

9

אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדֹת נֹחַ נֹחַ אִישׁ צַדִּיק תָּמִים הָיָה בְּדֹרֹתָיו אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים הִתְהַלֶּךְ־נֹחַ׃

These are the generations of Noah. Noah was in his generations a man righteous and wholehearted; Noah walked with God.

Read the passages The Christian telling · 5

Hebrews 11:7 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

7

By faith Noah, being warned about things not yet seen, moved with godly fear, prepared a ship for the saving of his house, through which he condemned the world and became heir of the righteousness which is according to faith.

Matthew 24:37–39 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

37

As the days of Noah were, so will the coming of the Son of Man be.

38

For as in those days which were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ship,

39

and they didn’t know until the flood came and took them all away, so will the coming of the Son of Man be.

Luke 17:26–27 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

26

As it was in the days of Noah, even so it will also be in the days of the Son of Man.

27

They ate, they drank, they married, and they were given in marriage until the day that Noah entered into the ship, and the flood came and destroyed them all.

1 Peter 3:20–21 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

20

who before were disobedient when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ship was being built. In it, few, that is, eight souls, were saved through water.

21

This is a symbol of baptism, which now saves you—not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience towards God—through the resurrection of Jesus Christ,

2 Peter 2:5 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

5

and didn’t spare the ancient world, but preserved Noah with seven others, a preacher of righteousness, when he brought a flood on the world of the ungodly,

Read the passages The Qur'an · 10

Qur'an 46:35 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

35

فَٱصْبِرْ كَمَا صَبَرَ أُو۟لُوا۟ ٱلْعَزْمِ مِنَ ٱلرُّسُلِ وَلَا تَسْتَعْجِل لَّهُمْ ۚ كَأَنَّهُمْ يَوْمَ يَرَوْنَ مَا يُوعَدُونَ لَمْ يَلْبَثُوٓا۟ إِلَّا سَاعَةًۭ مِّن نَّهَارٍۭ ۚ بَلَٰغٌۭ ۚ فَهَلْ يُهْلَكُ إِلَّا ٱلْقَوْمُ ٱلْفَٰسِقُونَ

Then have patience (O Muhammad) even as the stout of heart among the messengers (of old) had patience, and seek not to hasten on (the doom) for them. On the day when they see that which they are promised (it will seem to them) as though they had tarried but an hour of daylight. A clear message. Shall any be destroyed save evil-living folk?

Qur'an 33:7 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

7

وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِنَ ٱلنَّبِيِّۦنَ مِيثَٰقَهُمْ وَمِنكَ وَمِن نُّوحٍۢ وَإِبْرَٰهِيمَ وَمُوسَىٰ وَعِيسَى ٱبْنِ مَرْيَمَ ۖ وَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُم مِّيثَٰقًا غَلِيظًۭا

And when We exacted a covenant from the prophets, and from thee (O Muhammad) and from Noah and Abraham and Moses and Jesus son of Mary. We took from them a solemn covenant;

Qur'an 7:59–64 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

59

لَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِۦ فَقَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُۥٓ إِنِّىٓ أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ عَظِيمٍۢ

We sent Noah (of old) unto his people, and he said: O my people! Serve Allah. Ye have no other God save Him. Lo! I fear for you the retribution of an Awful Day.

60

قَالَ ٱلْمَلَأُ مِن قَوْمِهِۦٓ إِنَّا لَنَرَىٰكَ فِى ضَلَٰلٍۢ مُّبِينٍۢ

The chieftains of his people said: Lo! we see thee surely in plain error.

61

قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ لَيْسَ بِى ضَلَٰلَةٌۭ وَلَٰكِنِّى رَسُولٌۭ مِّن رَّبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ

He said: O my people! There is no error in me, but I am a messenger from the Lord of the Worlds.

62

أُبَلِّغُكُمْ رِسَٰلَٰتِ رَبِّى وَأَنصَحُ لَكُمْ وَأَعْلَمُ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ

I convey unto you the messages of my Lord and give good counsel unto you, and know from Allah that which ye know not.

63

أَوَعَجِبْتُمْ أَن جَآءَكُمْ ذِكْرٌۭ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ عَلَىٰ رَجُلٍۢ مِّنكُمْ لِيُنذِرَكُمْ وَلِتَتَّقُوا۟ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ

Marvel ye that there should come unto you a Reminder from your Lord by means of a man among you, that he may warn you, and that ye may keep from evil, and that haply ye may find mercy.

64

فَكَذَّبُوهُ فَأَنجَيْنَٰهُ وَٱلَّذِينَ مَعَهُۥ فِى ٱلْفُلْكِ وَأَغْرَقْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا۟ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَآ ۚ إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا۟ قَوْمًا عَمِينَ

But they denied him, so We saved him and those with him in the ship, and We drowned those who denied Our tokens. Lo! they were blind folk.

Qur'an 10:71–73 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

71

۞ وَٱتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ نُوحٍ إِذْ قَالَ لِقَوْمِهِۦ يَٰقَوْمِ إِن كَانَ كَبُرَ عَلَيْكُم مَّقَامِى وَتَذْكِيرِى بِـَٔايَٰتِ ٱللَّهِ فَعَلَى ٱللَّهِ تَوَكَّلْتُ فَأَجْمِعُوٓا۟ أَمْرَكُمْ وَشُرَكَآءَكُمْ ثُمَّ لَا يَكُنْ أَمْرُكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ غُمَّةًۭ ثُمَّ ٱقْضُوٓا۟ إِلَىَّ وَلَا تُنظِرُونِ

Recite unto them the story of Noah, when he told his people: O my people! If my sojourn (here) and my reminding you by Allah's revelations are an offence unto you, in Allah have I put my trust, so decide upon your course of action you and your partners. Let not your course of action be in doubt for you. Then have at me, give me no respite.

72

فَإِن تَوَلَّيْتُمْ فَمَا سَأَلْتُكُم مِّنْ أَجْرٍ ۖ إِنْ أَجْرِىَ إِلَّا عَلَى ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَأُمِرْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلْمُسْلِمِينَ

But if ye are averse I have asked of you no wage. My wage is the concern of Allah only, and I am commanded to be of those who surrender (unto Him).

73

فَكَذَّبُوهُ فَنَجَّيْنَٰهُ وَمَن مَّعَهُۥ فِى ٱلْفُلْكِ وَجَعَلْنَٰهُمْ خَلَٰٓئِفَ وَأَغْرَقْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا۟ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا ۖ فَٱنظُرْ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ ٱلْمُنذَرِينَ

But they denied him, so We saved him and those with him in the ship, and made them viceroys (in the earth), while We drowned those who denied Our revelations. See then the nature of the consequence for those who had been warned.

Qur'an 11:25–49 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

25

وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِۦٓ إِنِّى لَكُمْ نَذِيرٌۭ مُّبِينٌ

And We sent Noah unto his folk (and he said): Lo! I am a plain warner unto you.

26

أَن لَّا تَعْبُدُوٓا۟ إِلَّا ٱللَّهَ ۖ إِنِّىٓ أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ أَلِيمٍۢ

That ye serve none, save Allah. Lo! I fear for you the retribution of a painful Day.

27

فَقَالَ ٱلْمَلَأُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِن قَوْمِهِۦ مَا نَرَىٰكَ إِلَّا بَشَرًۭا مِّثْلَنَا وَمَا نَرَىٰكَ ٱتَّبَعَكَ إِلَّا ٱلَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِىَ ٱلرَّأْىِ وَمَا نَرَىٰ لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍۭ بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَٰذِبِينَ

The chieftains of his folk, who disbelieved, said: We see thee but a mortal like us, and we see not that any follow thee save the most abject among us, without reflection. We behold in you no merit above us - nay, we deem you liars.

28

قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ أَرَءَيْتُمْ إِن كُنتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍۢ مِّن رَّبِّى وَءَاتَىٰنِى رَحْمَةًۭ مِّنْ عِندِهِۦ فَعُمِّيَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنُلْزِمُكُمُوهَا وَأَنتُمْ لَهَا كَٰرِهُونَ

He said: O my people! Bethink you, if I rely on a clear proof from my Lord and there hath come unto me a mercy from His presence, and it hath been made obscure to you, can we compel you to accept it when ye are averse thereto?

29

وَيَٰقَوْمِ لَآ أَسْـَٔلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ مَالًا ۖ إِنْ أَجْرِىَ إِلَّا عَلَى ٱللَّهِ ۚ وَمَآ أَنَا۠ بِطَارِدِ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ ۚ إِنَّهُم مُّلَٰقُوا۟ رَبِّهِمْ وَلَٰكِنِّىٓ أَرَىٰكُمْ قَوْمًۭا تَجْهَلُونَ

And O my people! I ask of you no wealth therefor. My reward is the concern only of Allah, and I am not going to thrust away those who believe - Lo! they have to meet their Lord! - but I see you a folk that are ignorant.

30

وَيَٰقَوْمِ مَن يَنصُرُنِى مِنَ ٱللَّهِ إِن طَرَدتُّهُمْ ۚ أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ

And, O my people! who would deliver me from Allah if I thrust them away? Will ye not then reflect?

31

وَلَآ أَقُولُ لَكُمْ عِندِى خَزَآئِنُ ٱللَّهِ وَلَآ أَعْلَمُ ٱلْغَيْبَ وَلَآ أَقُولُ إِنِّى مَلَكٌۭ وَلَآ أَقُولُ لِلَّذِينَ تَزْدَرِىٓ أَعْيُنُكُمْ لَن يُؤْتِيَهُمُ ٱللَّهُ خَيْرًا ۖ ٱللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا فِىٓ أَنفُسِهِمْ ۖ إِنِّىٓ إِذًۭا لَّمِنَ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ

I say not unto you: "I have the treasures of Allah" nor "I have knowledge of the Unseen," nor say I: "Lo! I am an angel!" Nor say I unto those whom your eyes scorn that Allah will not give them good - Allah knoweth best what is in their hearts - Lo! then indeed I should be of the wrong-doers.

32

قَالُوا۟ يَٰنُوحُ قَدْ جَٰدَلْتَنَا فَأَكْثَرْتَ جِدَٰلَنَا فَأْتِنَا بِمَا تَعِدُنَآ إِن كُنتَ مِنَ ٱلصَّٰدِقِينَ

They said: O Noah! Thou hast disputed with us and multiplied disputation with us; now bring upon us that wherewith thou threatenest us, if thou art of the truthful.

33

قَالَ إِنَّمَا يَأْتِيكُم بِهِ ٱللَّهُ إِن شَآءَ وَمَآ أَنتُم بِمُعْجِزِينَ

He said: Only Allah will bring it upon you if He will, and ye can by no means escape.

34

وَلَا يَنفَعُكُمْ نُصْحِىٓ إِنْ أَرَدتُّ أَنْ أَنصَحَ لَكُمْ إِن كَانَ ٱللَّهُ يُرِيدُ أَن يُغْوِيَكُمْ ۚ هُوَ رَبُّكُمْ وَإِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ

My counsel will not profit you if I were minded to advise you, if Allah's will is to keep you astray. He is your Lord and unto Him ye will be brought back.

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Qur'an 23:23–30 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

23

وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِۦ فَقَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُۥٓ ۖ أَفَلَا تَتَّقُونَ

And We verily sent Noah unto his folk, and he said: O my people! Serve Allah. Ye have no other god save Him. Will ye not ward off (evil)?

24

فَقَالَ ٱلْمَلَؤُا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِن قَوْمِهِۦ مَا هَٰذَآ إِلَّا بَشَرٌۭ مِّثْلُكُمْ يُرِيدُ أَن يَتَفَضَّلَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَلَوْ شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ لَأَنزَلَ مَلَٰٓئِكَةًۭ مَّا سَمِعْنَا بِهَٰذَا فِىٓ ءَابَآئِنَا ٱلْأَوَّلِينَ

But the chieftains of his folk, who disbelieved, said: This is only a mortal like you who would make himself superior to you. Had Allah willed, He surely could have sent down angels. We heard not of this in the case of our fathers of old.

25

إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا رَجُلٌۢ بِهِۦ جِنَّةٌۭ فَتَرَبَّصُوا۟ بِهِۦ حَتَّىٰ حِينٍۢ

He is only a man in whom is a madness, so watch him for a while.

26

قَالَ رَبِّ ٱنصُرْنِى بِمَا كَذَّبُونِ

He said: My Lord! Help me because they deny me.

27

فَأَوْحَيْنَآ إِلَيْهِ أَنِ ٱصْنَعِ ٱلْفُلْكَ بِأَعْيُنِنَا وَوَحْيِنَا فَإِذَا جَآءَ أَمْرُنَا وَفَارَ ٱلتَّنُّورُ ۙ فَٱسْلُكْ فِيهَا مِن كُلٍّۢ زَوْجَيْنِ ٱثْنَيْنِ وَأَهْلَكَ إِلَّا مَن سَبَقَ عَلَيْهِ ٱلْقَوْلُ مِنْهُمْ ۖ وَلَا تُخَٰطِبْنِى فِى ٱلَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوٓا۟ ۖ إِنَّهُم مُّغْرَقُونَ

Then We inspired in him, saying: Make the ship under Our eyes and Our inspiration. Then, when Our command cometh and the oven gusheth water, introduce therein of every (kind) two spouses, and thy household save him thereof against whom the Word hath already gone forth. And plead not with Me on behalf of those who have done wrong. Lo! they will be drowned.

28

فَإِذَا ٱسْتَوَيْتَ أَنتَ وَمَن مَّعَكَ عَلَى ٱلْفُلْكِ فَقُلِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِى نَجَّىٰنَا مِنَ ٱلْقَوْمِ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ

And when thou art on board the ship, thou and whoso is with thee, then say: Praise be to Allah Who hath saved us from the wrongdoing folk!

29

وَقُل رَّبِّ أَنزِلْنِى مُنزَلًۭا مُّبَارَكًۭا وَأَنتَ خَيْرُ ٱلْمُنزِلِينَ

And say: My Lord! Cause me to land at a blessed landing-place, for Thou art Best of all who bring to land.

30

إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَٰتٍۢ وَإِن كُنَّا لَمُبْتَلِينَ

Lo! herein verily are portents, for lo! We are ever putting (mankind) to the test.

Qur'an 26:105–122 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

105

كَذَّبَتْ قَوْمُ نُوحٍ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

Noah's folk denied the messengers (of Allah),

106

إِذْ قَالَ لَهُمْ أَخُوهُمْ نُوحٌ أَلَا تَتَّقُونَ

When their brother Noah said unto them: Will ye not ward off (evil)?

107

إِنِّى لَكُمْ رَسُولٌ أَمِينٌۭ

Lo! I am a faithful messenger unto you,

108

فَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُونِ

So keep your duty to Allah, and obey me.

109

وَمَآ أَسْـَٔلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَجْرٍ ۖ إِنْ أَجْرِىَ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ

And I ask of you no wage therefor; my wage is the concern only of the Lord of the Worlds.

110

فَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُونِ

So keep your duty to Allah, and obey me.

111

۞ قَالُوٓا۟ أَنُؤْمِنُ لَكَ وَٱتَّبَعَكَ ٱلْأَرْذَلُونَ

They said: Shall we put faith in thee, when the lowest (of the people) follow thee?

112

قَالَ وَمَا عِلْمِى بِمَا كَانُوا۟ يَعْمَلُونَ

He said: And what knowledge have I of what they may have been doing (in the past)?

113

إِنْ حِسَابُهُمْ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ رَبِّى ۖ لَوْ تَشْعُرُونَ

Lo! their reckoning is my Lord's concern, if ye but knew;

114

وَمَآ أَنَا۠ بِطَارِدِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ

And I am not (here) to repulse believers.

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Qur'an 29:14–15 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

14

وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِۦ فَلَبِثَ فِيهِمْ أَلْفَ سَنَةٍ إِلَّا خَمْسِينَ عَامًۭا فَأَخَذَهُمُ ٱلطُّوفَانُ وَهُمْ ظَٰلِمُونَ

And verily we sent Noah (as Our messenger) unto his folk, and he continued with them for a thousand years save fifty years; and the flood engulfed them, for they were wrong-doers.

15

فَأَنجَيْنَٰهُ وَأَصْحَٰبَ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ وَجَعَلْنَٰهَآ ءَايَةًۭ لِّلْعَٰلَمِينَ

And We rescued him and those with him in the ship, and made of it a portent for the peoples.

Qur'an 54:9–17 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

9

۞ كَذَّبَتْ قَبْلَهُمْ قَوْمُ نُوحٍۢ فَكَذَّبُوا۟ عَبْدَنَا وَقَالُوا۟ مَجْنُونٌۭ وَٱزْدُجِرَ

The folk of Noah denied before them, yea, they denied Our slave and said: A madman; and he was repulsed.

10

فَدَعَا رَبَّهُۥٓ أَنِّى مَغْلُوبٌۭ فَٱنتَصِرْ

So he cried unto his Lord, saying: I am vanquished, so give help.

11

فَفَتَحْنَآ أَبْوَٰبَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ بِمَآءٍۢ مُّنْهَمِرٍۢ

Then opened We the gates of heaven with pouring water

12

وَفَجَّرْنَا ٱلْأَرْضَ عُيُونًۭا فَٱلْتَقَى ٱلْمَآءُ عَلَىٰٓ أَمْرٍۢ قَدْ قُدِرَ

And caused the earth to gush forth springs, so that the waters met for a predestined purpose.

13

وَحَمَلْنَٰهُ عَلَىٰ ذَاتِ أَلْوَٰحٍۢ وَدُسُرٍۢ

And We carried him upon a thing of planks and nails,

14

تَجْرِى بِأَعْيُنِنَا جَزَآءًۭ لِّمَن كَانَ كُفِرَ

That ran (upon the waters) in Our sight, as a reward for him who was rejected.

15

وَلَقَد تَّرَكْنَٰهَآ ءَايَةًۭ فَهَلْ مِن مُّدَّكِرٍۢ

And verily We left it as a token; but is there any that remembereth?

16

فَكَيْفَ كَانَ عَذَابِى وَنُذُرِ

Then see how (dreadful) was My punishment after My warnings!

17

وَلَقَدْ يَسَّرْنَا ٱلْقُرْءَانَ لِلذِّكْرِ فَهَلْ مِن مُّدَّكِرٍۢ

And in truth We have made the Qur'an easy to remember; but is there any that remembereth?

Qur'an 71:1–28 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

1

إِنَّآ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِۦٓ أَنْ أَنذِرْ قَوْمَكَ مِن قَبْلِ أَن يَأْتِيَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌۭ

Lo! We sent Noah unto his people (saying): Warn thy people ere the painful doom come unto them.

2

قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ إِنِّى لَكُمْ نَذِيرٌۭ مُّبِينٌ

He said: O my people! Lo! I am a plain warner unto you

3

أَنِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَٱتَّقُوهُ وَأَطِيعُونِ

(Bidding you): Serve Allah and keep your duty unto Him and obey me,

4

يَغْفِرْ لَكُم مِّن ذُنُوبِكُمْ وَيُؤَخِّرْكُمْ إِلَىٰٓ أَجَلٍۢ مُّسَمًّى ۚ إِنَّ أَجَلَ ٱللَّهِ إِذَا جَآءَ لَا يُؤَخَّرُ ۖ لَوْ كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ

That He may forgive you somewhat of your sins and respite you to an appointed term. Lo! the term of Allah, when it cometh, cannot be delayed, if ye but knew.

5

قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّى دَعَوْتُ قَوْمِى لَيْلًۭا وَنَهَارًۭا

He said: My Lord! Lo! I have called unto my people night and day

6

فَلَمْ يَزِدْهُمْ دُعَآءِىٓ إِلَّا فِرَارًۭا

But all my calling doth but add to their repugnance;

7

وَإِنِّى كُلَّمَا دَعَوْتُهُمْ لِتَغْفِرَ لَهُمْ جَعَلُوٓا۟ أَصَٰبِعَهُمْ فِىٓ ءَاذَانِهِمْ وَٱسْتَغْشَوْا۟ ثِيَابَهُمْ وَأَصَرُّوا۟ وَٱسْتَكْبَرُوا۟ ٱسْتِكْبَارًۭا

And lo! whenever I call unto them that Thou mayst pardon them they thrust their fingers in their ears and cover themselves with their garments and persist (in their refusal) and magnify themselves in pride.

8

ثُمَّ إِنِّى دَعَوْتُهُمْ جِهَارًۭا

And lo! I have called unto them aloud,

9

ثُمَّ إِنِّىٓ أَعْلَنتُ لَهُمْ وَأَسْرَرْتُ لَهُمْ إِسْرَارًۭا

And lo! I have made public proclamation unto them, and I have appealed to them in private.

10

فَقُلْتُ ٱسْتَغْفِرُوا۟ رَبَّكُمْ إِنَّهُۥ كَانَ غَفَّارًۭا

And I have said: Seek pardon of your Lord. Lo! He was ever Forgiving.

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Common ground

Where they agree

  • A righteous man in a corrupt age, warned and told to build an ark.
  • The flood as both judgement and mercy.
  • Life begins again afterwards.

Said plainly, ranked never

Where they differ

  • Genesis has the covenant with all life, the rainbow and the Noahide laws.
  • Christians read the rescue through water as a picture of baptism.
  • The Qur'an has Noah (peace be upon him)'s long preaching and a son who drowns; in Genesis all three sons board.
  • The landing: Ararat (Genesis 8:4) or al-Judi (Qur'an 11:44).
  • Some read the flood as worldwide, others as regional; the commentators are divided.

Era and place

The world of Noah

Where
Mesopotamia. The ark lands on the mountains of Ararat (Urartu: eastern Turkey and Armenia) or on al-Judi (Cudi, south-east Turkey).
When
Before history, as tradition places it.
What archaeology can and cannot say
Mesopotamian flood stories (Atrahasis, the Gilgamesh epic and the Ark Tablet of about 1750 BCE) are older than any surviving copy of Genesis. Flood layers at Ur and Shuruppak come from different dates. There is no geological evidence of a single worldwide flood in human times.
Mount Ararat and the surrounding plains photographed from Skylab.
Mount Ararat from Skylab, 1973. NASA / JSC (public domain)

Gallery

The world of Noah

Storm clouds gathering
Storm clouds gatheringStorm clouds, jcnapw, CC BY 2.0
Waves like mountains
Waves like mountainsPurekkari neemel.jpg, Abrget47j, CC BY-SA 3.0
Doves in flight
Doves in flightPigeon in Flight, quinet, CC BY 2.0
The mountain after: Ararat above the plain
The mountain after: Ararat above the plainKhor Virap and Mount Ararat / Խոր Վիրապն ու Արարատ լեռը, Seroujo, CC BY-SA 2.0
A double rainbow over washed land
A double rainbow over washed landDouble rainbow, snowpeak, CC BY 2.0

Go deeper

Go deeper

The stories
Midrash and Jewish tradition

Sanhedrin 108a records two readings of “righteous in his generations”. The Noahide laws (Sanhedrin 56a) became the Jewish framework for the goodness of people of every nation.

Christian tradition

From the early Church, the ark was read as a picture of salvation through the Church and of baptism (1 Peter 3:20–21).

Read the passages 1 Peter 3:20–21

1 Peter 3:20–21 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

20

who before were disobedient when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ship was being built. In it, few, that is, eight souls, were saved through water.

21

This is a symbol of baptism, which now saves you—not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience towards God—through the resurrection of Jesus Christ,

Tafsir and hadith

Ibn Kathir, on 11:40–48, dwells on Noah (peace be upon him)'s plea for his son and God's answer, “he is not of thy household” (11:46): belonging is a matter of faith and deeds.

Read the passages Qur'an 11:40–48

Qur'an 11:40–48 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

40

حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا جَآءَ أَمْرُنَا وَفَارَ ٱلتَّنُّورُ قُلْنَا ٱحْمِلْ فِيهَا مِن كُلٍّۢ زَوْجَيْنِ ٱثْنَيْنِ وَأَهْلَكَ إِلَّا مَن سَبَقَ عَلَيْهِ ٱلْقَوْلُ وَمَنْ ءَامَنَ ۚ وَمَآ ءَامَنَ مَعَهُۥٓ إِلَّا قَلِيلٌۭ

(Thus it was) till, when Our commandment came to pass and the oven gushed forth water, We said: Load therein two of every kind, a pair (the male and female), and thy household, save him against whom the word hath gone forth already, and those who believe. And but a few were they who believed with him.

41

۞ وَقَالَ ٱرْكَبُوا۟ فِيهَا بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ مَجْر۪ىٰهَا وَمُرْسَىٰهَآ ۚ إِنَّ رَبِّى لَغَفُورٌۭ رَّحِيمٌۭ

And he said: Embark therein! In the name of Allah be its course and its mooring. Lo! my Lord is Forgiving, Merciful.

42

وَهِىَ تَجْرِى بِهِمْ فِى مَوْجٍۢ كَٱلْجِبَالِ وَنَادَىٰ نُوحٌ ٱبْنَهُۥ وَكَانَ فِى مَعْزِلٍۢ يَٰبُنَىَّ ٱرْكَب مَّعَنَا وَلَا تَكُن مَّعَ ٱلْكَٰفِرِينَ

And it sailed with them amid waves like mountains, and Noah cried unto his son - and he was standing aloof - O my son! Come ride with us, and be not with the disbelievers.

43

قَالَ سَـَٔاوِىٓ إِلَىٰ جَبَلٍۢ يَعْصِمُنِى مِنَ ٱلْمَآءِ ۚ قَالَ لَا عَاصِمَ ٱلْيَوْمَ مِنْ أَمْرِ ٱللَّهِ إِلَّا مَن رَّحِمَ ۚ وَحَالَ بَيْنَهُمَا ٱلْمَوْجُ فَكَانَ مِنَ ٱلْمُغْرَقِينَ

He said: I shall betake me to some mountain that will save me from the water. (Noah) said: This day there is none that saveth from the commandment of Allah save him on whom He hath had mercy. And the wave came in between them, so he was among the drowned.

44

وَقِيلَ يَٰٓأَرْضُ ٱبْلَعِى مَآءَكِ وَيَٰسَمَآءُ أَقْلِعِى وَغِيضَ ٱلْمَآءُ وَقُضِىَ ٱلْأَمْرُ وَٱسْتَوَتْ عَلَى ٱلْجُودِىِّ ۖ وَقِيلَ بُعْدًۭا لِّلْقَوْمِ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ

And it was said: O earth! Swallow thy water and, O sky! be cleared of clouds! And the water was made to subside. And the commandment was fulfilled. And it (the ship) came to rest upon (the mount) Al-Judi and it was said: A far removal for wrongdoing folk!

45

وَنَادَىٰ نُوحٌۭ رَّبَّهُۥ فَقَالَ رَبِّ إِنَّ ٱبْنِى مِنْ أَهْلِى وَإِنَّ وَعْدَكَ ٱلْحَقُّ وَأَنتَ أَحْكَمُ ٱلْحَٰكِمِينَ

And Noah cried unto his Lord and said: My Lord! Lo! my son is of my household! Surely Thy promise is the truth and Thou are the Most Just of Judges.

46

قَالَ يَٰنُوحُ إِنَّهُۥ لَيْسَ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ ۖ إِنَّهُۥ عَمَلٌ غَيْرُ صَٰلِحٍۢ ۖ فَلَا تَسْـَٔلْنِ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِۦ عِلْمٌ ۖ إِنِّىٓ أَعِظُكَ أَن تَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلْجَٰهِلِينَ

He said: O Noah! Lo! he is not of thy household; lo! he is of evil conduct, so ask not of Me that whereof thou hast no knowledge. I admonish thee lest thou be among the ignorant.

47

قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّىٓ أَعُوذُ بِكَ أَنْ أَسْـَٔلَكَ مَا لَيْسَ لِى بِهِۦ عِلْمٌۭ ۖ وَإِلَّا تَغْفِرْ لِى وَتَرْحَمْنِىٓ أَكُن مِّنَ ٱلْخَٰسِرِينَ

He said: My Lord! Lo! in Thee do I seek refuge (from the sin) that I should ask of Thee that whereof I have no knowledge. Unless Thou forgive me and have mercy on me I shall be among the lost.

48

قِيلَ يَٰنُوحُ ٱهْبِطْ بِسَلَٰمٍۢ مِّنَّا وَبَرَكَٰتٍ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَىٰٓ أُمَمٍۢ مِّمَّن مَّعَكَ ۚ وَأُمَمٌۭ سَنُمَتِّعُهُمْ ثُمَّ يَمَسُّهُم مِّنَّا عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌۭ

It was said (unto him): O Noah! Go thou down (from the mountain) with peace from Us and blessings upon thee and some nations (that will spring) from those with thee. (There will be other) nations unto whom We shall give enjoyment a long while and then a painful doom from Us will overtake them.

Sources and further reading
Picture credits

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