Who is Allah?

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Reading together

Scriptural Reasoning

Jews, Christians and Muslims around one table, reading a short passage from each of their scriptures, and listening.

What is Scriptural Reasoning?

Scriptural Reasoning is a simple practice. A small group of Jews, Christians and Muslims sit together with three short passages on one theme: one from the Torah or Hebrew Bible, one from the New Testament and one from the Qur’an. They read each one slowly, and talk about what they find.

It began in the early 1990s, when Jewish scholars who had been reading their texts together were joined by Christian and then Muslim friends. The name came a few years later. Today groups meet in universities, schools, places of worship, community centres and homes across Britain and around the world.

The aim is not to agree, or to win anyone over. It is to understand: to hear how your neighbour reads their own scripture, and often to hear your own differently because of their questions.

Wonder, not argument. Differences stay on the table. Some people who practise it say the table is not always as even as it should be, and that is worth talking about too. What matters is that everyone is both host and guest.

How a session works

  1. Welcome. Food and drink if you can. Say who you are, and nothing more.
  2. Choose a theme. Pick one of the sets below, or make your own.
  3. Open the first text. Someone from its own faith reads it and asks a question or two about it. About ten minutes, no lecture.
  4. Talk. Everyone may speak about every text, their own or not. Stay with the words on the page.
  5. Repeat for the second and third texts.
  6. Close. One thing each person will take home. Then more tea.

The ground rules

  • Stay with the text. Talk about what is written, not about the news.
  • Speak for yourself. Nobody speaks for a whole religion. You do not need to be an expert.
  • Listen first. Hear how others read their own scripture before you read it for them.
  • Disagree kindly. Disagreement is expected. Friendship is the aim, not consensus.
  • Share the table. Leadership goes round. Everyone is host and guest.
  • No merging. Each faith keeps its own house. This is a tent you meet in, not a new religion.

Try it: the reading-together kit

Thirteen ready-made sets, free to use in a community group, an RE lesson, a podcast, at home or online. Choose your setting, draw a set, and start the timer.

Community group · about 25 minutes on each text

  • Eight to twelve people, with at least two from each faith if you can.
  • Meet in turns at each other’s places, or somewhere neutral. Food and tea first: hospitality is half of it.
  • Ask one person from each faith to be its ‘house convenor’, who welcomes their own community.
Welcome
Then: Torah and Hebrew Bible
05:00

Set 1 of 13

The guest at the door

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Genesis 18:1–5
And the LORD appeared unto him by the terebinths of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth, and said: ‘My lord, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant. Let now a little water be fetched, and wash your feet, and recline yourselves under the tree. And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and stay ye your heart; after that ye shall pass on; forasmuch as ye are come to your servant.’ And they said: ‘So do, as thou hast said.’
JPS 1917
New Testament · Hebrews 13:1–2
Let brotherly love continue. Don’t forget to show hospitality to strangers, for in doing so, some have entertained angels without knowing it.
WEBBE
Qur’an 51:24–27
Hath the story of Abraham's honoured guests reached thee (O Muhammad)? When they came in unto him and said: Peace! he answered, Peace! (and thought): Folk unknown (to me). Then he went apart unto his housefolk so that they brought a fatted calf; And he set it before them, saying: Will ye not eat?
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Who is the host and who is the guest, and does that change as you read?
  2. What makes welcoming a stranger hard, and what makes it holy?
  3. When has a guest turned out to be a gift?

Younger group: Who would you most like to welcome to your table, and what would you give them?

Set 2 of 13

Signs in creation

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Psalm 19:2–5
The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth His handiwork; Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night revealeth knowledge; There is no speech, there are no words, neither is their voice heard. Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath He set a tent for the sun,
JPS 1917
New Testament · Matthew 6:26–29
See the birds of the sky, that they don’t sow, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns. Your heavenly Father feeds them. Aren’t you of much more value than they? Which of you by being anxious, can add one moment to his lifespan? Why are you anxious about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They don’t toil, neither do they spin, yet I tell you that even Solomon in all his glory was not dressed like one of these.
WEBBE
Qur’an 3:190–191
Lo! In the creation of the heavens and the earth and (in) the difference of night and day are tokens (of His Sovereignty) for men of understanding, Such as remember Allah, standing, sitting, and reclining, and consider the creation of the heavens and the earth, (and say): Our Lord! Thou createdst not this in vain. Glory be to Thee! Preserve us from the doom of Fire.
Pickthall
(Psalm numbering as in Jewish Bibles; Christian Bibles number these verses one lower.)

Talk about it

  1. What do the skies say without words?
  2. Why might ordinary things, birds and flowers, be chosen as signs?
  3. Praise, trust or remembrance: which comes most naturally to you, and why?

Younger group: Go outside or look out of the window. What do you notice that you had not noticed before?

Set 3 of 13

Mercy that runs to meet us

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Exodus 34:6–7
And the LORD passed by before him, and proclaimed: ‘The LORD, the LORD, God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth; keeping mercy unto the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children’s children, unto the third and unto the fourth generation.’
JPS 1917
New Testament · Luke 15:20
He arose and came to his father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him and was moved with compassion, and ran, fell on his neck, and kissed him.
WEBBE
Qur’an 39:53
Say: O My slaves who have been prodigal to their own hurt! Despair not of the mercy of Allah, Who forgiveth all sins. Lo! He is the Forgiving, the Merciful.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Which word for mercy stands out for you, and why?
  2. Who moves first in each passage: God, or the person?
  3. Is mercy easier to believe in for other people or for yourself?

Younger group: Tell about a time someone forgave you. How did it feel?

Set 4 of 13

One human family, many peoples

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Leviticus 19:33–34
And if a stranger sojourn with thee in your land, ye shall not do him wrong. The stranger that sojourneth with you shall be unto you as the home-born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Acts 17:26–27
He made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the surface of the earth, having determined appointed seasons and the boundaries of their dwellings, that they should seek the Lord, if perhaps they might reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from each one of us.
WEBBE
Qur’an 49:13
O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female, and have made you nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Lo! the noblest of you, in the sight of Allah, is the best in conduct. Lo! Allah is Knower, Aware.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. How does remembering that we were once strangers shape how we treat newcomers?
  2. Is difference a problem to solve or a purpose to fulfil?
  3. What would knowing one another look like on your street this month?

Younger group: What is one thing you could learn about a neighbour this week?

Set 5 of 13

Looking up: searching for God

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Genesis 15:5–6
And He brought him forth abroad, and said: ‘Look now toward heaven, and count the stars, if thou be able to count them’; and He said unto him: ‘So shall thy seed be.’ And he believed in the LORD; and He counted it to him for righteousness.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Hebrews 11:8–10
By faith Abraham, when he was called, obeyed to go out to the place which he was to receive for an inheritance. He went out, not knowing where he went. By faith he lived as an alien in the land of promise, as in a land not his own, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise. For he was looking for the city which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God.
WEBBE
Qur’an 6:75–79
Thus did We show Abraham the kingdom of the heavens and the earth that he might be of those possessing certainty: When the night grew dark upon him he beheld a star. He said: This is my Lord. But when it set, he said: I love not things that set. And when he saw the moon uprising, he exclaimed: This is my Lord. But when it set, he said: Unless my Lord guide me, I surely shall become one of the folk who are astray. And when he saw the sun uprising, he cried: This is my Lord! This is greater! And when it set he exclaimed: O my people! Lo! I am free from all that ye associate (with Him). Lo! I have turned my face toward Him Who created the heavens and the earth, as one by nature upright, and I am not of the idolaters.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. What is Abraham looking for in each passage, and what does he find?
  2. Why do the stars and the sky keep appearing when people search for God?
  3. What helps you trust when you cannot see where you are going?

Younger group: If you could ask the night sky one question, what would it be?

Set 6 of 13

A prayer from the dark

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Jonah 2:2–3
Then Jonah prayed unto the LORD his God out of the fish’s belly. And he said: I called out of mine affliction Unto the LORD, and He answered me; Out of the belly of the nether-world cried I, And Thou heardest my voice.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Mark 4:37–40
A big wind storm arose, and the waves beat into the boat, so much that the boat was already filled. He himself was in the stern, asleep on the cushion; and they woke him up and asked him, “Teacher, don’t you care that we are dying?” He awoke and rebuked the wind, and said to the sea, “Peace! Be still!” The wind ceased and there was a great calm. He said to them, “Why are you so afraid? How is it that you have no faith?”
WEBBE
Qur’an 21:87–88
And (mention) Dhu'n-Nun, when he went off in anger and deemed that We had no power over him, but he cried out in the darkness, saying: There is no God save Thee. Be Thou Glorified! Lo! I have been a wrong-doer. Then we heard his prayer and saved him from the anguish. Thus we save believers.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. What do people say to God when they are frightened?
  2. Is fear the opposite of faith, or part of it?
  3. Who has been a calm voice for you in a storm?

Younger group: What do you do when you feel scared, and who helps you?

Set 7 of 13

Holy ground

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Exodus 3:1–6
Now Moses was keeping the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, the priest of Midian; and he led the flock to the farthest end of the wilderness, and came to the mountain of God, unto Horeb. And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. And Moses said: ‘I will turn aside now, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt.’ And when the LORD saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said: ‘Moses, Moses.’ And he said: ‘Here am I.’ And He said: ‘Draw not nigh hither; put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground.’ Moreover He said: ‘I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.’ And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Acts 7:30–33
When forty years were fulfilled, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in the wilderness of Mount Sinai, in a flame of fire in a bush. When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight. As he came close to see, the voice of the Lord came to him, ‘I am the God of your fathers: the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.’ Moses trembled and dared not look. The Lord said to him, ‘Take off your sandals, for the place where you stand is holy ground.
WEBBE
Qur’an 20:9–14
Hath there come unto thee the story of Moses? When he saw a fire and said unto his folk: Lo! Wait! I see a fire afar off. Peradventure I may bring you a brand therefrom or may find guidance at the fire. And when he reached it, he was called by name: O Moses! Lo! I, even I, am thy Lord, So take off thy shoes, for lo! thou art in the holy valley of Tuwa. And I have chosen thee, so hearken unto that which is inspired. Lo! I, even I, am Allah, There is no God save Me. So serve Me and establish worship for My remembrance.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Why take off your shoes? What does it mean to stand on holy ground?
  2. What does Moses hear before he is given a task?
  3. Where have you felt that a place was special?

Younger group: Where is a place that feels special or peaceful to you?

Set 8 of 13

Honouring parents

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Exodus 20:12
Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Ephesians 6:1–3
Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. “Honour your father and mother,” which is the first commandment with a promise: “that it may be well with you, and you may live long on the earth.”
WEBBE
Qur’an 17:23–24
Thy Lord hath decreed, that ye worship none save Him, and (that ye show) kindness to parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age with thee, say not "Fie" unto them nor repulse them, but speak unto them a gracious word. And lower unto them the wing of submission through mercy, and say: My Lord! Have mercy on them both as they did care for me when I was little.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Why do all three put honouring parents so close to honouring God?
  2. What does honour look like when parents are old, or when it is hard?
  3. What would your parents or carers say they need most from you?

Younger group: What is one kind thing you could do for someone who looks after you?

Set 9 of 13

Feeding the hungry

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Deuteronomy 15:7–8
If there be among you a needy man, one of thy brethren, within any of thy gates, in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thy heart, nor shut thy hand from thy needy brother; but thou shalt surely open thy hand unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need in that which he wanteth.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Matthew 25:35–36
for I was hungry and you gave me food to eat. I was thirsty and you gave me drink. I was a stranger and you took me in. I was naked and you clothed me. I was sick and you visited me. I was in prison and you came to me.’
WEBBE
Qur’an 76:8–9
And feed with food the needy wretch, the orphan and the prisoner, for love of Him, (Saying): We feed you, for the sake of Allah only. We wish for no reward nor thanks from you;
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Who is the hungry person in each passage, and who is the giver?
  2. What does it mean to give without wanting thanks?
  3. What stops us from opening our hand?

Younger group: If you could share one meal with anyone who needs it, what would you cook?

Set 10 of 13

Words that build or break

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Proverbs 15:1–4
A soft answer turneth away wrath; But a grievous word stirreth up anger. The tongue of the wise useth knowledge aright; But the mouth of fools poureth out foolishness. The eyes of the LORD are in every place, Keeping watch upon the evil and the good. A soothing tongue is a tree of life; But perverseness therein is a wound to the spirit.
JPS 1917
New Testament · James 3:9–10
With it we bless our God and Father, and with it we curse men who are made in the image of God. Out of the same mouth comes blessing and cursing. My brothers, these things ought not to be so.
WEBBE
Qur’an 17:53
Tell My bondmen to speak that which is kindlier. Lo! the devil soweth discord among them. Lo! the devil is for man an open foe.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Which line about speech is the hardest to live by?
  2. Why might kind words be harder than kind deeds?
  3. Think of words someone said to you that you still remember. Why did they stay?

Younger group: What is the kindest thing anyone has ever said to you?

Set 11 of 13

Making peace

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Genesis 33:1–4
And Jacob lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, Esau came, and with him four hundred men. And he divided the children unto Leah, and unto Rachel, and unto the two handmaids. And he put the handmaids and their children foremost, and Leah and her children after, and Rachel and Joseph hindermost. And he himself passed over before them, and bowed himself to the ground seven times, until he came near to his brother. And Esau ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell on his neck, and kissed him; and they wept.
JPS 1917
New Testament · Matthew 5:9; 5:23–24
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God. … If therefore you are offering your gift at the altar, and there remember that your brother has anything against you, leave your gift there before the altar, and go your way. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.
WEBBE
Qur’an 41:34–35
The good deed and the evil deed are not alike. Repel the evil deed with one which is better, then lo! he, between whom and thee there was enmity (will become) as though he was a bosom friend. But none is granted it save those who are steadfast, and none is granted it save the owner of great happiness.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Who takes the first step towards peace in each passage?
  2. What does it cost to turn an enemy into a friend?
  3. Is there someone you need to make peace with?

Younger group: How do you make up with a friend after an argument?

Set 12 of 13

Giving thanks

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Psalm 100:1–5
A Psalm of thanksgiving. Shout unto the LORD, all the earth. Serve the LORD with gladness; come before His presence with singing. Know ye that the LORD He is God; it is He that hath made us, and we are His, His people, and the flock of His pasture. Enter into His gates with thanksgiving, and into His courts with praise; give thanks unto Him, and bless His name. For the LORD is good; His mercy endureth for ever; and His faithfulness unto all generations.
JPS 1917
New Testament · 1 Thessalonians 5:16–18
Always rejoice. Pray without ceasing. In everything give thanks, for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus towards you.
WEBBE
Qur’an 14:7
And when your Lord proclaimed: If ye give thanks, I will give you more; but if ye are thankless, lo! My punishment is dire.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. Is thanks a feeling, a habit or a duty?
  2. How can someone give thanks in everything, even hard things?
  3. What would change if you said thank you more often?

Younger group: Name three things you are thankful for today.

Set 13 of 13

When life is hard

Torah and Hebrew Bible · Job 1:20–22
Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and fell down upon the ground, and worshipped; And he said; Naked came I out of my mother’s womb, And naked shall I return thither; The LORD gave, and the LORD hath taken away; Blessed be the name of the LORD. For all this Job sinned not, nor ascribed aught unseemly to God.
JPS 1917
New Testament · James 1:2–4
Count it all joy, my brothers, when you fall into various temptations, knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance. Let endurance have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing.
WEBBE
Qur’an 2:155–157
And surely We shall try you with something of fear and hunger, and loss of wealth and lives and crops; but give glad tidings to the steadfast, Who say, when a misfortune striketh them: Lo! we are Allah's and lo! unto Him we are returning. Such are they on whom are blessings from their Lord, and mercy. Such are the rightly guided.
Pickthall

Talk about it

  1. How does each passage speak about loss without explaining it away?
  2. What is the difference between patience and giving up?
  3. What has helped you through a hard time?

Younger group: When something goes wrong, what helps you feel better?

Scripture: JPS 1917 (public domain, via Sefaria); World English Bible British Edition (public domain, eBible.org); Pickthall 1930 (public domain in the UK). Words in brackets in the Qur’an passages are Pickthall’s own. Questions by whoisallah.org.uk: free to use, print and share.

Deal the roles

How many are you? Deal the jobs, then swap so that each text is opened by someone from its own faith.

Question cards

Stuck? Draw a card. These work with any passage.

Which word or phrase would you underline, and why?

Make your own set

  1. Pick a theme that all three scriptures speak about: water, journeys, forgiveness, the poor, a shared figure such as Abraham, Moses or Mary.
  2. Choose one short passage from each, no more than six or seven verses. Short is better: there is more to notice.
  3. Use trusted translations, and say which. Read the verses before and after, so nothing is taken out of its place.
  4. Write three open questions that nobody can answer with yes or no, and one for younger people.
  5. Ask someone from each faith to look at your passages before the session. They will often suggest a better one.

Watch more: Scriptural Reasoning

9 films and talks, chosen for this page. They play here.

  • Scriptural Reasoning: A How-To Guide

    Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge · 8 min

    Cambridge Faculty of Divinity: Scriptural Reasoning, a how-to guide.

  • Scriptural Reasoning in Practice: Session 1

    Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge · 8 min

  • Scriptural Reasoning in practice: Session 2

    Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge · 6 min

  • Scriptural Reasoning in practice: Session 3

    Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge · 10 min

  • What is Scriptural Reasoning?

    Interfaith Glasgow · 2 min

    Interfaith Glasgow: what is Scriptural Reasoning?

  • Scriptural Reasoning: A How-to Guide

    Miriam Lorie · 8 min

    Scriptural Reasoning: a how-to guide, from a practitioner.

  • David Ford on Scriptural Reasoning

    Theology for our Times · 40 min

    David Ford, a founder of Scriptural Reasoning, explains the practice.

  • Doing Scriptural Reasoning with Peter Ochs

    Theology for our Times · 40 min

  • Reading Scriptures Together: An Abrahamic Practice for Today

    Cambridge Muslim College · 45 min

  • More films and talks on F-ILMWatch free