Who is Allah?

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Qasr al-Farid at Hegra (al-Hijr): a Nabataean tomb, in the valley tradition links with Thamud

The sign of the she-camel

Salih

(peace be upon him)
صالحṢāliḥ

Sent to Thamud, who carved their homes into the rock.

▶ Watch the three tellingsAncient Arabia · as tradition places it
Stand-in photograph: amanderson2 · CC BY 2.0

The name in three scripts

ArabicصالحṢāliḥ“righteous”

One-minute snapshot

In a minute

Ancient ArabiaRead time 1 min
Qur'an

Salih (peace be upon him) was sent to Thamud, a people of north-west Arabia who carved homes into the mountains. He called them to worship God alone and gave them a sign: a she-camel, to be left free to drink and graze. They killed her. After three days an earthquake and a terrible cry destroyed them, and Salih and the believers were saved. Only the Qur'an and Islamic tradition tell his story, though the Thamud themselves appear in ancient Assyrian and Greek records.

Salih is named in the Qur'an and not in the Bible. The Jewish and Christian columns say so plainly.

Watch

To watch

Each told by its own community, in its own words, side by side. More on F-ILM.

A Muslim telling

Salih (AS): The Wisdom of Allah’s Restrictions | Imam Kebba SallahADAMS Center - Official YouTube Channel · 5 minADAMS Center: Salih and the she-camel; short Muslim telling.

For everyone

Inside Hegra, the Lost City of the Nabataeans I SLICE HISTORY | FULL DOCUMENTARYSLICE History · 25 minDocumentary on Hegra (al-Hijr), the site the Qur'an links to Thamud.

For everyone

Hegra Archaeological Site (al-Hijr / Madā ͐ in Ṣāliḥ) (Saudi Arabia) / TBSUNESCO · 1 minUNESCO's own one-minute film of Hegra/Mada'in Salih.

Side by side

Three tellings

Quotations: Torah and Hebrew Bible, JPS 1917 · New Testament, World English Bible (British Edition) · Qur'an, Pickthall (1930). Translations and sources

The Qur'an

In Islamic tradition's own words.

  • Thamud hew houses from the mountains.
  • Salih's sign is the she-camel, who takes turns with them to drink.
  • They hamstring her.
  • The earthquake and the cry follow; Salih and the believers are saved.
“And to (the tribe of) Thamud (We sent) their brother Salih. He said: O my people! Serve Allah. Ye have no other Allah save Him. A wonder from your Lord hath come unto you. Lo! this is the camel of Allah, a token unto you; so let her feed in Allah's earth, and touch her not with hurt lest painful torment seize you.”Qur'an 7:73 · Pickthall (1930)

When the Prophet (peace be upon him) passed al-Hijr on the way to Tabuk, he told his companions not to use its wells and to pass by in humility (Bukhari 3378–3381; Muslim 2980–2981, paraphrased).

Key passages: Qur'an 7:73–79; 11:61–68; 15:80–84; 26:141–159; 27:45–53; 54:23–31; 91:11–15

Read the passages The Qur'an · 7

Qur'an 7:73–79 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

73

وَإِلَىٰ ثَمُودَ أَخَاهُمْ صَٰلِحًۭا ۗ قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُۥ ۖ قَدْ جَآءَتْكُم بَيِّنَةٌۭ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ۖ هَٰذِهِۦ نَاقَةُ ٱللَّهِ لَكُمْ ءَايَةًۭ ۖ فَذَرُوهَا تَأْكُلْ فِىٓ أَرْضِ ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَلَا تَمَسُّوهَا بِسُوٓءٍۢ فَيَأْخُذَكُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌۭ

And to (the tribe of) Thamud (We sent) their brother Salih. He said: O my people! Serve Allah. Ye have no other God save Him. A wonder from your Lord hath come unto you. Lo! this is the camel of Allah, a token unto you; so let her feed in Allah's earth, and touch her not with hurt lest painful torment seize you.

74

وَٱذْكُرُوٓا۟ إِذْ جَعَلَكُمْ خُلَفَآءَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ عَادٍۢ وَبَوَّأَكُمْ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ تَتَّخِذُونَ مِن سُهُولِهَا قُصُورًۭا وَتَنْحِتُونَ ٱلْجِبَالَ بُيُوتًۭا ۖ فَٱذْكُرُوٓا۟ ءَالَآءَ ٱللَّهِ وَلَا تَعْثَوْا۟ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ مُفْسِدِينَ

And remember how He made you viceroys after A'ad and gave you station in the earth. Ye choose castles in the plains and hew the mountains into dwellings. So remember (all) the bounties of Allah and do not evil, making mischief in the earth.

75

قَالَ ٱلْمَلَأُ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱسْتَكْبَرُوا۟ مِن قَوْمِهِۦ لِلَّذِينَ ٱسْتُضْعِفُوا۟ لِمَنْ ءَامَنَ مِنْهُمْ أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ صَٰلِحًۭا مُّرْسَلٌۭ مِّن رَّبِّهِۦ ۚ قَالُوٓا۟ إِنَّا بِمَآ أُرْسِلَ بِهِۦ مُؤْمِنُونَ

The chieftains of his people, who were scornful, said unto those whom they despised, unto such of them as believed: Know ye that Salih is one sent from his Lord? They said: Lo! In that wherewith he hath been sent we are believers.

76

قَالَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱسْتَكْبَرُوٓا۟ إِنَّا بِٱلَّذِىٓ ءَامَنتُم بِهِۦ كَٰفِرُونَ

Those who were scornful said: Lo! in that which ye believe we are disbelievers.

77

فَعَقَرُوا۟ ٱلنَّاقَةَ وَعَتَوْا۟ عَنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّهِمْ وَقَالُوا۟ يَٰصَٰلِحُ ٱئْتِنَا بِمَا تَعِدُنَآ إِن كُنتَ مِنَ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

So they hamstrung the she-camel, and they flouted the commandment of their Lord, and they said: O Salih! Bring upon us that thou threatenest if thou art indeed of those sent (from Allah).

78

فَأَخَذَتْهُمُ ٱلرَّجْفَةُ فَأَصْبَحُوا۟ فِى دَارِهِمْ جَٰثِمِينَ

So the earthquake seized them, and morning found them prostrate in their dwelling-place.

79

فَتَوَلَّىٰ عَنْهُمْ وَقَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ لَقَدْ أَبْلَغْتُكُمْ رِسَالَةَ رَبِّى وَنَصَحْتُ لَكُمْ وَلَٰكِن لَّا تُحِبُّونَ ٱلنَّٰصِحِينَ

And (Salih) turned from them and said: O my people! I delivered my Lord's message unto you and gave you good advice, but ye love not good advisers.

Qur'an 11:61–68 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

61

۞ وَإِلَىٰ ثَمُودَ أَخَاهُمْ صَٰلِحًۭا ۚ قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُۥ ۖ هُوَ أَنشَأَكُم مِّنَ ٱلْأَرْضِ وَٱسْتَعْمَرَكُمْ فِيهَا فَٱسْتَغْفِرُوهُ ثُمَّ تُوبُوٓا۟ إِلَيْهِ ۚ إِنَّ رَبِّى قَرِيبٌۭ مُّجِيبٌۭ

And unto (the tribe of) Thamud (We sent) their brother Salih. He said: O my people! Serve Allah, Ye have no other God save Him. He brought you forth from the earth and hath made you husband it. So ask forgiveness of Him and turn unto Him repentant. Lo! my Lord is Nigh, Responsive.

62

قَالُوا۟ يَٰصَٰلِحُ قَدْ كُنتَ فِينَا مَرْجُوًّۭا قَبْلَ هَٰذَآ ۖ أَتَنْهَىٰنَآ أَن نَّعْبُدَ مَا يَعْبُدُ ءَابَآؤُنَا وَإِنَّنَا لَفِى شَكٍّۢ مِّمَّا تَدْعُونَآ إِلَيْهِ مُرِيبٍۢ

They said: O Salih! Thou hast been among us hitherto as that wherein our hope was placed. Dost thou ask us not to worship what our fathers worshipped? Lo! we verily are in grave doubt concerning that to which thou callest us.

63

قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ أَرَءَيْتُمْ إِن كُنتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍۢ مِّن رَّبِّى وَءَاتَىٰنِى مِنْهُ رَحْمَةًۭ فَمَن يَنصُرُنِى مِنَ ٱللَّهِ إِنْ عَصَيْتُهُۥ ۖ فَمَا تَزِيدُونَنِى غَيْرَ تَخْسِيرٍۢ

He said: O my people! Bethink you: if I am (acting) on clear proof from my Lord and there hath come unto me a mercy from Him, who will save me from Allah if I disobey Him? Ye would add to me naught save perdition.

64

وَيَٰقَوْمِ هَٰذِهِۦ نَاقَةُ ٱللَّهِ لَكُمْ ءَايَةًۭ فَذَرُوهَا تَأْكُلْ فِىٓ أَرْضِ ٱللَّهِ وَلَا تَمَسُّوهَا بِسُوٓءٍۢ فَيَأْخُذَكُمْ عَذَابٌۭ قَرِيبٌۭ

O my people! This is the camel of Allah, a token unto you, so suffer her to feed in Allah's earth, and touch her not with harm lest a near torment seize you.

65

فَعَقَرُوهَا فَقَالَ تَمَتَّعُوا۟ فِى دَارِكُمْ ثَلَٰثَةَ أَيَّامٍۢ ۖ ذَٰلِكَ وَعْدٌ غَيْرُ مَكْذُوبٍۢ

But they hamstrung her, and then he said: Enjoy life in your dwelling-place three days! This is a threat that will not be belied.

66

فَلَمَّا جَآءَ أَمْرُنَا نَجَّيْنَا صَٰلِحًۭا وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ مَعَهُۥ بِرَحْمَةٍۢ مِّنَّا وَمِنْ خِزْىِ يَوْمِئِذٍ ۗ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ ٱلْقَوِىُّ ٱلْعَزِيزُ

So, when Our commandment came to pass, We saved Salih, and those who believed with him, by a mercy from Us, from the ignominy of that day. Lo, thy Lord! He is the Strong, the Mighty.

67

وَأَخَذَ ٱلَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا۟ ٱلصَّيْحَةُ فَأَصْبَحُوا۟ فِى دِيَٰرِهِمْ جَٰثِمِينَ

And the (awful) Cry overtook those who did wrong, so that morning found them prostrate in their dwellings,

68

كَأَن لَّمْ يَغْنَوْا۟ فِيهَآ ۗ أَلَآ إِنَّ ثَمُودَا۟ كَفَرُوا۟ رَبَّهُمْ ۗ أَلَا بُعْدًۭا لِّثَمُودَ

As though they had not dwelt there. Lo! Thamud disbelieved in their Lord. A far removal for Thamud!

Qur'an 15:80–84 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

80

وَلَقَدْ كَذَّبَ أَصْحَٰبُ ٱلْحِجْرِ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

And the dwellers in Al-Hijr denied (Our) messengers.

81

وَءَاتَيْنَٰهُمْ ءَايَٰتِنَا فَكَانُوا۟ عَنْهَا مُعْرِضِينَ

And we gave them Our revelations, but they were averse to them.

82

وَكَانُوا۟ يَنْحِتُونَ مِنَ ٱلْجِبَالِ بُيُوتًا ءَامِنِينَ

And they used to hew out dwellings from the hills, (wherein they dwelt) secure.

83

فَأَخَذَتْهُمُ ٱلصَّيْحَةُ مُصْبِحِينَ

But the (Awful) Cry overtook them at the morning hour,

84

فَمَآ أَغْنَىٰ عَنْهُم مَّا كَانُوا۟ يَكْسِبُونَ

And that which they were wont to count as gain availed them not.

Qur'an 26:141–159 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

141

كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

(The tribe of) Thamud denied the messengers (of Allah)

142

إِذْ قَالَ لَهُمْ أَخُوهُمْ صَٰلِحٌ أَلَا تَتَّقُونَ

When their brother Salih said unto them: Will ye not ward off (evil)?

143

إِنِّى لَكُمْ رَسُولٌ أَمِينٌۭ

Lo! I am a faithful messenger unto you,

144

فَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُونِ

So keep your duty to Allah and obey me.

145

وَمَآ أَسْـَٔلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَجْرٍ ۖ إِنْ أَجْرِىَ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ

And I ask of you no wage therefor; my wage is the concern only of the Lord of the Worlds.

146

أَتُتْرَكُونَ فِى مَا هَٰهُنَآ ءَامِنِينَ

Will ye be left secure in that which is here before us,

147

فِى جَنَّٰتٍۢ وَعُيُونٍۢ

In gardens and watersprings.

148

وَزُرُوعٍۢ وَنَخْلٍۢ طَلْعُهَا هَضِيمٌۭ

And tilled fields and heavy-sheathed palm-trees,

149

وَتَنْحِتُونَ مِنَ ٱلْجِبَالِ بُيُوتًۭا فَٰرِهِينَ

Though ye hew out dwellings in the mountain, being skilful?

150

فَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُونِ

Therefor keep your duty to Allah and obey me,

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Qur'an 27:45–53 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

45

وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَآ إِلَىٰ ثَمُودَ أَخَاهُمْ صَٰلِحًا أَنِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ فَإِذَا هُمْ فَرِيقَانِ يَخْتَصِمُونَ

And We verily sent unto Thamud their brother Salih, saying: Worship Allah. And lo! they (then became two parties quarrelling.

46

قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ لِمَ تَسْتَعْجِلُونَ بِٱلسَّيِّئَةِ قَبْلَ ٱلْحَسَنَةِ ۖ لَوْلَا تَسْتَغْفِرُونَ ٱللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ

He said: O my people! Why will ye hasten on the evil rather than the good? Why will ye not ask pardon of Allah, that ye may receive mercy.

47

قَالُوا۟ ٱطَّيَّرْنَا بِكَ وَبِمَن مَّعَكَ ۚ قَالَ طَٰٓئِرُكُمْ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ ۖ بَلْ أَنتُمْ قَوْمٌۭ تُفْتَنُونَ

They said: We augur evil of thee and those with thee. He said: Your evil augury is with Allah. Nay, but ye are folk that are being tested.

48

وَكَانَ فِى ٱلْمَدِينَةِ تِسْعَةُ رَهْطٍۢ يُفْسِدُونَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَلَا يُصْلِحُونَ

And there were in the city nine persons who made mischief in the land and reformed not.

49

قَالُوا۟ تَقَاسَمُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ لَنُبَيِّتَنَّهُۥ وَأَهْلَهُۥ ثُمَّ لَنَقُولَنَّ لِوَلِيِّهِۦ مَا شَهِدْنَا مَهْلِكَ أَهْلِهِۦ وَإِنَّا لَصَٰدِقُونَ

They said: Swear one to another by Allah that we verily will attack him and his household by night, and afterward we will surely say unto his friend: We witnessed not the destruction of his household. And lo! we are truthtellers.

50

وَمَكَرُوا۟ مَكْرًۭا وَمَكَرْنَا مَكْرًۭا وَهُمْ لَا يَشْعُرُونَ

So they plotted a plot: and We plotted a plot, while they perceived not.

51

فَٱنظُرْ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ مَكْرِهِمْ أَنَّا دَمَّرْنَٰهُمْ وَقَوْمَهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ

Then see the nature of the consequence of their plotting, for lo! We destroyed them and their people, every one.

52

فَتِلْكَ بُيُوتُهُمْ خَاوِيَةًۢ بِمَا ظَلَمُوٓا۟ ۗ إِنَّ فِى ذَٰلِكَ لَءَايَةًۭ لِّقَوْمٍۢ يَعْلَمُونَ

See, yonder are their dwellings empty and in ruins because they did wrong. Lo! herein is indeed a portent for a people who have knowledge.

53

وَأَنجَيْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَكَانُوا۟ يَتَّقُونَ

And we saved those who believed and used to ward off (evil).

Qur'an 54:23–31 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

23

كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ بِٱلنُّذُرِ

(The tribe of) Thamud rejected warnings

24

فَقَالُوٓا۟ أَبَشَرًۭا مِّنَّا وَٰحِدًۭا نَّتَّبِعُهُۥٓ إِنَّآ إِذًۭا لَّفِى ضَلَٰلٍۢ وَسُعُرٍ

For they said; Is it a mortal man, alone among us, that we are to follow? Then indeed we should fall into error and madness.

25

أَءُلْقِىَ ٱلذِّكْرُ عَلَيْهِ مِنۢ بَيْنِنَا بَلْ هُوَ كَذَّابٌ أَشِرٌۭ

Hath the remembrance been given unto him alone among us? Nay, but he is a rash liar.

26

سَيَعْلَمُونَ غَدًۭا مَّنِ ٱلْكَذَّابُ ٱلْأَشِرُ

(Unto their warner it was said): To-morrow they will know who is the rash liar.

27

إِنَّا مُرْسِلُوا۟ ٱلنَّاقَةِ فِتْنَةًۭ لَّهُمْ فَٱرْتَقِبْهُمْ وَٱصْطَبِرْ

Lo! We are sending the she-camel as a test for them; so watch them and have patience;

28

وَنَبِّئْهُمْ أَنَّ ٱلْمَآءَ قِسْمَةٌۢ بَيْنَهُمْ ۖ كُلُّ شِرْبٍۢ مُّحْتَضَرٌۭ

And inform them that the water is to be shared between (her and) them. Every drinking will be witnessed.

29

فَنَادَوْا۟ صَاحِبَهُمْ فَتَعَاطَىٰ فَعَقَرَ

But they call their comrade and he took and hamstrung (her).

30

فَكَيْفَ كَانَ عَذَابِى وَنُذُرِ

Then see how (dreadful) was My punishment after My warnings!

31

إِنَّآ أَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ صَيْحَةًۭ وَٰحِدَةًۭ فَكَانُوا۟ كَهَشِيمِ ٱلْمُحْتَظِرِ

Lo! We sent upon them one Shout, and they became as the dry twigs (rejected by) the builder of a cattle-fold.

Qur'an 91:11–15 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

11

كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ بِطَغْوَىٰهَآ

(The tribe of) Thamud denied (the truth) in their rebellious pride,

12

إِذِ ٱنۢبَعَثَ أَشْقَىٰهَا

When the basest of them broke forth

13

فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ ٱللَّهِ نَاقَةَ ٱللَّهِ وَسُقْيَٰهَا

And the messenger of Allah said: It is the she-camel of Allah, so let her drink!

14

فَكَذَّبُوهُ فَعَقَرُوهَا فَدَمْدَمَ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّهُم بِذَنۢبِهِمْ فَسَوَّىٰهَا

But they denied him, and they hamstrung her, so Allah doomed them for their sin and rased (their dwellings).

15

وَلَا يَخَافُ عُقْبَٰهَا

He dreadeth not the sequel (of events).

Common ground

Where they agree

  • Only the Qur'an tells this story.
  • Its pattern is warning, a sign, rejection and judgement.

Said plainly, ranked never

Where they differ

  • It is Islamic scripture alone.
  • The Thamud are named outside scripture, in Assyrian, Greek and Roman sources, but those records say nothing of Salih.

Era and place

The world of Salih

Where
Hegra (al-Hijr, also called Mada'in Salih) near al-'Ula, north-west Saudi Arabia.
When
After 'Ad.
What archaeology can and cannot say
The Thamud are historically attested: inscriptions of Sargon II (about 715 BCE) name them, and a 2nd-century CE temple inscription at Ruwafa mentions them. The grand tombs at Hegra today are Nabataean, of the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE, and later than the Thamud of the story.

Gallery

The world of Salih

Elephant Rock at al-'Ula, near Hegra
Elephant Rock at al-'Ula, near HegraElephant Rock, MNmagic, Public domain
Rock-cut Nabataean tombs at Hegra (al-Hijr), traditionally linked with Thamud
Rock-cut Nabataean tombs at Hegra (al-Hijr), traditionally linked with ThamudMada'in Saleh Al-Hijr Hegra (مدائن صالح), Basheer Olakara, CC BY 2.0
Stone water basins of late antiquity at Abu Mena, Egypt: water shared by turns
Stone water basins of late antiquity at Abu Mena, Egypt: water shared by turnsBaths at Abu Mena (IX), isawnyu, CC BY 2.0
Cracked desert ground
Cracked desert groundCracked Desert Ground 10, claralieu, CC BY 2.0

Go deeper

Go deeper

Jewish and Christian sources

Neither the Hebrew Bible nor the New Testament mentions Salih. Greek and Roman writers (Diodorus, Ptolemy and Pliny) name the Thamud as a people of Arabia.

Tafsir and hadith

Ibn Kathir, on 7:73 and 15:80, tells how the she-camel came as the sign the people asked for, how the water was shared by turns, and how the Prophet (peace be upon him) later passed al-Hijr in silence and tears.

Read the passages Qur'an 7:73, Qur'an 15:80

Qur'an 7:73 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

73

وَإِلَىٰ ثَمُودَ أَخَاهُمْ صَٰلِحًۭا ۗ قَالَ يَٰقَوْمِ ٱعْبُدُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ مَا لَكُم مِّنْ إِلَٰهٍ غَيْرُهُۥ ۖ قَدْ جَآءَتْكُم بَيِّنَةٌۭ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ۖ هَٰذِهِۦ نَاقَةُ ٱللَّهِ لَكُمْ ءَايَةًۭ ۖ فَذَرُوهَا تَأْكُلْ فِىٓ أَرْضِ ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَلَا تَمَسُّوهَا بِسُوٓءٍۢ فَيَأْخُذَكُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌۭ

And to (the tribe of) Thamud (We sent) their brother Salih. He said: O my people! Serve Allah. Ye have no other God save Him. A wonder from your Lord hath come unto you. Lo! this is the camel of Allah, a token unto you; so let her feed in Allah's earth, and touch her not with hurt lest painful torment seize you.

Qur'an 15:80 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

80

وَلَقَدْ كَذَّبَ أَصْحَٰبُ ٱلْحِجْرِ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

And the dwellers in Al-Hijr denied (Our) messengers.

Sources and further reading
Picture credits

Watch more: Salih

5 films and talks, chosen for this page. They play here.

  • The mysterious 'other Petra' of Saudi Arabia - BBC REEL

    BBC Global · 4 min

    BBC Reel: Hegra, the rock-cut city in the land Islamic tradition links with Thamud.

  • What's Inside a Camel's Hump?

    SciShow Kids · 5 min

    SciShow Kids: what's inside a camel's hump, the animal at the heart of Salih's sign.

  • How do camels survive in deserts? | Surprising Science

    Natural History Museum · 1 min

    Natural History Museum: how camels survive in the desert.

  • Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia

    Let's Talk Religion · 23 min

    Let's Talk Religion: religion in pre-Islamic Arabia, the world Salih's people belonged to.

  • The Gods of Pre-Islamic Arabia

    ReligionForBreakfast · 31 min

  • More films and talks on F-ILMWatch free