Who is Allah?

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The river Jordan at the baptism site

A voice in the wilderness

John the Baptist

(peace be upon him)
יוֹחָנָןيحيىYoḥanan · Yaḥyā

He called people to turn back to God at the river Jordan.

▶ Watch the three tellingsc. 28–30 CE
Stand-in photograph: jemasmith · CC BY 2.0

The name in three scripts

HebrewיוֹחָנָןYoḥanan“God is gracious”
GreekἸωάννηςIōannēsho Baptistēs, “the Baptist”
ArabicيحيىYaḥyā“he lives”

One-minute snapshot

In a minute

c. 28–30 CERead time 1 min
GospelQur'an

John the Baptist, son of Zechariah, lived in the wilderness, dressed in camel hair, and called people to repent and be washed in the river Jordan. Christians remember him as the forerunner who baptised Jesus and was beheaded by Herod Antipas for speaking out. The Qur'an praises Yahya as pure, compassionate and dutiful, a prophet from childhood who confirmed “a word from Allah”. The Jewish historian Josephus also records John as a good man put to death by Herod.

Watch

To watch

Each told by its own community, in its own words, side by side. More on F-ILM.

A Christian telling

English ESV | Luke 3:1–38Lumo Project Films · 6 min Shows prophets (a film-maker's portrayal)Lumo: Luke 3 word for word, John's preaching and the baptism of Jesus.

For everyone

Who was John the Baptist?Let's Talk Religion · 34 min Shows prophets (a film-maker's portrayal)Let's Talk Religion: who was John the Baptist, across Christianity, Islam and Mandaeism.

Side by side

Three tellings

Quotations: Torah and Hebrew Bible, JPS 1917 · New Testament, World English Bible (British Edition) · Qur'an, Pickthall (1930). Translations and sources

Hebrew Bible · Jewish view

In Jewish tradition's own words.

  • John lived after the Hebrew Bible was complete and does not appear in it.
  • The Gospels apply to him Malachi's promise that Elijah will be sent.
  • Josephus, a 1st-century Jewish historian, describes John as a good man executed by Herod; Judaism has no religious teaching about him.
“Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet Before the coming Of the great and terrible day of the LORD.”Malachi 3:23 · JPS 1917 · 4:5 in Christian Bibles

Key passages: Malachi 3:23

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

The Christian telling

In Christian tradition's own words.

  • He preaches repentance and baptises in the Jordan.
  • He baptises Jesus.
  • He is imprisoned and beheaded by Herod Antipas.
  • Jesus calls him the greatest of those born of women.
“John came baptising in the wilderness and preaching the baptism of repentance for forgiveness of sins.”Mark 1:4 · WEB (British Edition)

Churches keep his birth on 24 June and his beheading on 29 August. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran also revere him.

Key passages: Matthew 3; 11:7–15; 14:1–12; Mark 1:2–11; 6:14–29; Luke 1; 3:1–22; John 1:6–36

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

The Qur'an

In Islamic tradition's own words.

  • Zachariah is given glad tidings of a son, Yahya, a name given to no one before.
  • He is given wisdom as a child, compassion and purity.
  • He is dutiful to his parents, not arrogant or rebellious.
  • Peace is on him the day he was born, the day he dies, and the day he is raised.
“(And it was said unto his son): O John! Hold fast the Scripture. And we gave him wisdom when a child, And compassion from Our presence, and purity; and he was devout, And dutiful toward his parents. And he was not arrogant, rebellious. Peace on him the day he was born, and the day he dieth and the day he shall be raised alive!”Qur'an 19:12–15 · Pickthall (1930)

The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus holds a shrine said to contain his head, honoured by Muslims and Christians alike.

Key passages: Qur'an 3:39; 6:85; 19:7; 19:12–15; 21:90

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

Read the passages Hebrew Bible · Jewish view · 1

Malachi 3:23 · Hebrew Bible · JPS 1917

23

הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ לָכֶם אֵת אֵלִיָּה הַנָּבִיא לִפְנֵי בּוֹא יוֹם יְהוָה הַגָּדוֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא׃

Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet Before the coming Of the great and terrible day of the LORD.

Read the passages The Christian telling · 6

Matthew 11:7–15 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

7

As these went their way, Jesus began to say to the multitudes concerning John, “What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind?

8

But what did you go out to see? A man in soft clothing? Behold, those who wear soft clothing are in kings’ houses.

9

But why did you go out? To see a prophet? Yes, I tell you, and much more than a prophet.

10

For this is he, of whom it is written, ‘Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.’

11

Most certainly I tell you, amongst those who are born of women there has not arisen anyone greater than John the Baptiser; yet he who is least in the Kingdom of Heaven is greater than he.

12

From the days of John the Baptiser until now, the Kingdom of Heaven suffers violence, and the violent take it by force.

13

For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John.

14

If you are willing to receive it, this is Elijah, who is to come.

15

He who has ears to hear, let him hear.

Matthew 14:1–12 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

1

At that time, Herod the tetrarch heard the report concerning Jesus,

2

and said to his servants, “This is John the Baptiser. He is risen from the dead. That is why these powers work in him.”

3

For Herod had arrested John, bound him, and put him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip’s wife.

4

For John said to him, “It is not lawful for you to have her.”

5

When he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude, because they counted him as a prophet.

6

But when Herod’s birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced amongst them and pleased Herod.

7

Therefore he promised with an oath to give her whatever she should ask.

8

She, being prompted by her mother, said, “Give me here on a platter the head of John the Baptiser.”

9

The king was grieved, but for the sake of his oaths and of those who sat at the table with him, he commanded it to be given,

10

and he sent and beheaded John in the prison.

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Mark 1:2–11 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

2

As it is written in the prophets, “Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you:

3

the voice of one crying in the wilderness, ‘Make ready the way of the Lord! Make his paths straight!’”

4

John came baptising in the wilderness and preaching the baptism of repentance for forgiveness of sins.

5

All the country of Judea and all those of Jerusalem went out to him. They were baptised by him in the Jordan river, confessing their sins.

6

John was clothed with camel’s hair and a leather belt around his waist. He ate locusts and wild honey.

7

He preached, saying, “After me comes he who is mightier than I, the strap of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and loosen.

8

I baptised you in water, but he will baptise you in the Holy Spirit.”

9

In those days, Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptised by John in the Jordan.

10

Immediately coming up from the water, he saw the heavens parting and the Spirit descending on him like a dove.

11

A voice came out of the sky, “You are my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.”

Mark 6:14–29 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

14

King Herod heard this, for his name had become known, and he said, “John the Baptiser has risen from the dead, and therefore these powers are at work in him.”

15

But others said, “He is Elijah.” Others said, “He is a prophet, or like one of the prophets.”

16

But Herod, when he heard this, said, “This is John, whom I beheaded. He has risen from the dead.”

17

For Herod himself had sent out and arrested John and bound him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip’s wife, for he had married her.

18

For John had said to Herod, “It is not lawful for you to have your brother’s wife.”

19

Herodias set herself against him and desired to kill him, but she couldn’t,

20

for Herod feared John, knowing that he was a righteous and holy man, and kept him safe. When he heard him, he did many things, and he heard him gladly.

21

Then a convenient day came when Herod on his birthday made a supper for his nobles, the high officers, and the chief men of Galilee.

22

When the daughter of Herodias herself came in and danced, she pleased Herod and those sitting with him. The king said to the young lady, “Ask me whatever you want, and I will give it to you.”

23

He swore to her, “Whatever you ask of me, I will give you, up to half of my kingdom.”

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Luke 3:1–22 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

1

Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,

2

during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John, the son of Zacharias, in the wilderness.

3

He came into all the region around the Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for remission of sins.

4

As it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, “The voice of one crying in the wilderness, ‘Make ready the way of the Lord. Make his paths straight.

5

Every valley will be filled. Every mountain and hill will be brought low. The crooked will become straight, and the rough ways smooth.

6

All flesh will see God’s salvation.’”

7

He said therefore to the multitudes who went out to be baptised by him, “You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?

8

Therefore produce fruits worthy of repentance, and don’t begin to say amongst yourselves, ‘We have Abraham for our father;’ for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones!

9

Even now the axe also lies at the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that doesn’t produce good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.”

10

The multitudes asked him, “What then must we do?”

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

John 1:6–36 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

6

There came a man sent from God, whose name was John.

7

The same came as a witness, that he might testify about the light, that all might believe through him.

8

He was not the light, but was sent that he might testify about the light.

9

The true light that enlightens everyone was coming into the world.

10

He was in the world, and the world was made through him, and the world didn’t recognise him.

11

He came to his own, and those who were his own didn’t receive him.

12

But as many as received him, to them he gave the right to become God’s children, to those who believe in his name:

13

who were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.

14

The Word became flesh and lived amongst us. We saw his glory, such glory as of the only born Son of the Father, full of grace and truth.

15

John testified about him. He cried out, saying, “This was he of whom I said, ‘He who comes after me has surpassed me, for he was before me.’”

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Read the passages The Qur'an · 5

Qur'an 19:12–15 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

12

يَٰيَحْيَىٰ خُذِ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ بِقُوَّةٍۢ ۖ وَءَاتَيْنَٰهُ ٱلْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّۭا

(And it was said unto his son): O John! Hold fast the Scripture. And we gave him wisdom when a child,

13

وَحَنَانًۭا مِّن لَّدُنَّا وَزَكَوٰةًۭ ۖ وَكَانَ تَقِيًّۭا

And compassion from Our presence, and purity; and he was devout,

14

وَبَرًّۢا بِوَٰلِدَيْهِ وَلَمْ يَكُن جَبَّارًا عَصِيًّۭا

And dutiful toward his parents. And he was not arrogant, rebellious.

15

وَسَلَٰمٌ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ وُلِدَ وَيَوْمَ يَمُوتُ وَيَوْمَ يُبْعَثُ حَيًّۭا

Peace on him the day he was born, and the day he dieth and the day he shall be raised alive!

Qur'an 3:39 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

39

فَنَادَتْهُ ٱلْمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ وَهُوَ قَآئِمٌۭ يُصَلِّى فِى ٱلْمِحْرَابِ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُبَشِّرُكَ بِيَحْيَىٰ مُصَدِّقًۢا بِكَلِمَةٍۢ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَسَيِّدًۭا وَحَصُورًۭا وَنَبِيًّۭا مِّنَ ٱلصَّٰلِحِينَ

And the angels called to him as he stood praying in the sanctuary: Allah giveth thee glad tidings of (a son whose name is) John, (who cometh) to confirm a word from Allah lordly, chaste, a prophet of the righteous.

Qur'an 6:85 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

85

وَزَكَرِيَّا وَيَحْيَىٰ وَعِيسَىٰ وَإِلْيَاسَ ۖ كُلٌّۭ مِّنَ ٱلصَّٰلِحِينَ

And Zachariah and John and Jesus and Elias. Each one (of them) was of the righteous.

Qur'an 19:7 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

7

يَٰزَكَرِيَّآ إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَٰمٍ ٱسْمُهُۥ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُۥ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّۭا

(It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose name is John; we have given the same name to none before (him).

Qur'an 21:90 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

90

فَٱسْتَجَبْنَا لَهُۥ وَوَهَبْنَا لَهُۥ يَحْيَىٰ وَأَصْلَحْنَا لَهُۥ زَوْجَهُۥٓ ۚ إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا۟ يُسَٰرِعُونَ فِى ٱلْخَيْرَٰتِ وَيَدْعُونَنَا رَغَبًۭا وَرَهَبًۭا ۖ وَكَانُوا۟ لَنَا خَٰشِعِينَ

Then We heard his prayer, and bestowed upon him John, and adjusted his wife (to bear a child) for him. Lo! they used to vie one with the other in good deeds, and they cried unto Us in longing and in fear, and were submissive unto Us.

Common ground

Where they agree

  • The miraculous son of Zechariah, holy from his youth.
  • A prophet who called people to God.
  • A confirmer of Jesus (peace be upon him).

Said plainly, ranked never

Where they differ

  • Baptising Jesus (peace be upon him) and preparing his way are Christian teaching; the Qur'an mentions neither baptism nor his death.
  • Judaism has no religious role for him.
  • Christians see in him the Elijah who was to come (Matthew 11:14).

Era and place

The world of John the Baptist

Where
The Judean wilderness, the Jordan (Al-Maghtas, “Bethany beyond the Jordan”, a UNESCO World Heritage site) and the fortress of Machaerus in Jordan.
When
About 28–30 CE.
What archaeology can and cannot say
Machaerus, where Josephus says John was killed, has been excavated. Ritual baths (mikva'ot) found across Judea show how widespread washing rites were in his time.

Gallery

The world of John the Baptist

Dusk over the Dead Sea and the Judaean wilderness
Dusk over the Dead Sea and the Judaean wildernessThe Dead Sea and Judean Desert at dusk with Jordan on the background, Jorge Lascar, CC BY 2.0
A wild bee: John ate “locusts and wild honey” (Mark 1:6)
A wild bee: John ate “locusts and wild honey” (Mark 1:6)Stingless bee 3, f, side, peru_2014-07-30-13.17.15 ZS PMax, Sam Droege, Public domain
A locust
A locustMarrakech Cricket / Locust / Grasshopper, simon_music, CC BY-SA 2.0
Machaerus in Jordan, Herod's hilltop fortress
Machaerus in Jordan, Herod's hilltop fortressMachaerus, Jordan, Following Hadrian, CC BY-SA 2.0

Go deeper

Go deeper

Jewish view

Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119, records John's preaching of righteousness and his death at Machaerus. Judaism has no religious teaching about him.

Christian tradition

All four Gospels open Jesus' ministry with John. His feasts and his place beside Mary in Orthodox icons of the Deesis show his honour in the Church.

Tafsir and hadith

Ibn Kathir, on 19:12, describes Yahya's wisdom in childhood and his gentleness. 3:39 calls him one who confirms “a word from Allah”, read as Jesus (peace be upon him).

Read the passages Qur'an 19:12, Qur'an 3:39

Qur'an 19:12 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

12

يَٰيَحْيَىٰ خُذِ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ بِقُوَّةٍۢ ۖ وَءَاتَيْنَٰهُ ٱلْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّۭا

(And it was said unto his son): O John! Hold fast the Scripture. And we gave him wisdom when a child,

Qur'an 3:39 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

39

فَنَادَتْهُ ٱلْمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ وَهُوَ قَآئِمٌۭ يُصَلِّى فِى ٱلْمِحْرَابِ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُبَشِّرُكَ بِيَحْيَىٰ مُصَدِّقًۢا بِكَلِمَةٍۢ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَسَيِّدًۭا وَحَصُورًۭا وَنَبِيًّۭا مِّنَ ٱلصَّٰلِحِينَ

And the angels called to him as he stood praying in the sanctuary: Allah giveth thee glad tidings of (a son whose name is) John, (who cometh) to confirm a word from Allah lordly, chaste, a prophet of the righteous.

Sources and further reading
Picture credits

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