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Nahal Giborim (Wadi Rushmiya) on Mount Carmel, Haifa

A still small voice

Elijah

(peace be upon him)
אֵלִיָּהוּإلياسEliyahu · Ilyās

Fire on Mount Carmel, and God heard in a whisper.

▶ Watch the three tellings9th c. BCE
Stand-in photograph: david55king · CC BY 2.0

The name in three scripts

HebrewאֵלִיָּהוּEliyahu“my God is the LORD”
GreekἨλίαςĒliasGreek
ArabicإلياسIlyāsPickthall writes “Elias”

One-minute snapshot

In a minute

9th c. BCERead time 1 min
TorahGospelQur'an

Elijah (peace be upon him) was a fiery prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in the time of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel. He challenged the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel, fled to the wilderness, and heard God not in the wind, the earthquake or the fire, but in “a still small voice”. He was taken up in a whirlwind. Jews await his return before the Messiah. Christians see his spirit in John the Baptist. The Qur'an remembers Ilyas calling his people away from Baal.

Watch

Three traditions, three films

Each told by its own community, in its own words, side by side. More on F-ILM.

A Jewish telling

The FASCINATING Story of Elijah the ProphetJewish Learning Institute · 44 minJLI: the story of Elijah and his place in Jewish life (44 min; use the first part).

A Christian telling

Books of 1-2 Kings Summary: A Complete Animated OverviewBibleProject · 9 min Shows prophets (a film-maker's portrayal)BibleProject 1-2 Kings: Elijah and Elisha in the story of the kings.

A Muslim telling

Ilyās (AS): Calling a Nation Back to Allah | Imam Hicham HallADAMS Center - Official YouTube Channel · 5 minADAMS Center: Ilyas calling a nation back to God.

Side by side

Three tellings

Quotations: Torah and Hebrew Bible, JPS 1917 · New Testament, World English Bible (British Edition) · Qur'an, Pickthall (1930). Translations and sources

Hebrew Bible · Torah

In Jewish tradition's own words.

  • Ravens feed him by a brook; a widow's flour and oil do not run out.
  • On Mount Carmel he challenges the prophets of Baal.
  • At Horeb God is not in the wind, the earthquake or the fire, but in a still small voice.
  • He is taken up to heaven in a whirlwind.
“and after the earthquake a fire; but the LORD was not in the fire; and after the fire a still small voice.”1 Kings 19:12 · JPS 1917

A cup is poured for Elijah at the Passover Seder, and a chair is set for him at every circumcision. The song Eliyahu ha-Navi is sung as the Sabbath ends.

Key passages: 1 Kings 17–19; 21; 2 Kings 1–2; Malachi 3:23–24

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

The Christian telling

In Christian tradition's own words.

  • Elijah appears with Moses at the Transfiguration.
  • The angel says John the Baptist will go “in the spirit and power of Elijah”.
  • James holds up Elijah's prayer for rain.
“Behold, Moses and Elijah appeared to them talking with him.”Matthew 17:3 · WEB (British Edition)

The Carmelite order takes its name from Mount Carmel. Orthodox churches keep the feast of the Prophet Elias on 20 July.

Key passages: Matthew 11:14; 17:1–13; Luke 1:17; 4:25–26; James 5:17–18

Is this how your tradition would say it? Tell us →

The Qur'an

In Islamic tradition's own words.

  • Elias is one of the messengers.
  • He asks his people: will you call on Baal and forsake the Best of creators?
  • They deny him; peace is sent on him.
“And lo! Elias was of those sent (to warn), When he said unto his folk: Will ye not ward off (evil)? Will ye cry unto Baal and forsake the Best of creators,”Qur'an 37:123–125 · Pickthall (1930)

Some traditions link Elijah (peace be upon him) with al-Khidr as two servants of God who do not die. The Qur'an does not describe his ascent.

Key passages: Qur'an 6:85; 37:123–132

Read the passages Hebrew Bible · Torah · 2

1 Kings 19:12 · Hebrew Bible · JPS 1917

12

וְאַחַר הָרַעַשׁ אֵשׁ לֹא בָאֵשׁ יְהוָה וְאַחַר הָאֵשׁ קוֹל דְּמָמָה דַקָּה׃

and after the earthquake a fire; but the LORD was not in the fire; and after the fire a still small voice.

Malachi 3:23–24 · Hebrew Bible · JPS 1917

23

הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ לָכֶם אֵת אֵלִיָּה הַנָּבִיא לִפְנֵי בּוֹא יוֹם יְהוָה הַגָּדוֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא׃

Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet Before the coming Of the great and terrible day of the LORD.

24

וְהֵשִׁיב לֵב־אָבוֹת עַל־בָּנִים וְלֵב בָּנִים עַל־אֲבוֹתָם פֶּן־אָבוֹא וְהִכֵּיתִי אֶת־הָאָרֶץ חֵרֶם׃

And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers; lest I come and smite the land with utter destruction.[Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and terrible day of the LORD.]

Read the passages The Christian telling · 5

Matthew 11:14 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

14

If you are willing to receive it, this is Elijah, who is to come.

Matthew 17:1–13 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

1

After six days, Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John his brother, and brought them up into a high mountain by themselves.

2

He was changed before them. His face shone like the sun, and his garments became as white as the light.

3

Behold, Moses and Elijah appeared to them talking with him.

4

Peter answered and said to Jesus, “Lord, it is good for us to be here. If you want, let’s make three tents here: one for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.”

5

While he was still speaking, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them. Behold, a voice came out of the cloud, saying, “This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. Listen to him.”

6

When the disciples heard it, they fell on their faces, and were very afraid.

7

Jesus came and touched them and said, “Get up, and don’t be afraid.”

8

Lifting up their eyes, they saw no one, except Jesus alone.

9

As they were coming down from the mountain, Jesus commanded them, saying, “Don’t tell anyone what you saw, until the Son of Man has risen from the dead.”

10

His disciples asked him, saying, “Then why do the scribes say that Elijah must come first?”

The passage continues; open it in the player or your own Bible or Qur'an.

Luke 1:17 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

17

He will go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah, ‘to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,’ and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to prepare a people prepared for the Lord.”

Luke 4:25–26 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

25

But truly I tell you, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land.

26

Elijah was sent to none of them, except to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow.

James 5:17–18 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

17

Elijah was a man with a nature like ours, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain, and it didn’t rain on the earth for three years and six months.

18

He prayed again, and the sky gave rain, and the earth produced its fruit.

Read the passages The Qur'an · 2

Qur'an 6:85 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

85

وَزَكَرِيَّا وَيَحْيَىٰ وَعِيسَىٰ وَإِلْيَاسَ ۖ كُلٌّۭ مِّنَ ٱلصَّٰلِحِينَ

And Zachariah and John and Jesus and Elias. Each one (of them) was of the righteous.

Qur'an 37:123–132 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

123

وَإِنَّ إِلْيَاسَ لَمِنَ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

And lo! Elias was of those sent (to warn),

124

إِذْ قَالَ لِقَوْمِهِۦٓ أَلَا تَتَّقُونَ

When he said unto his folk: Will ye not ward off (evil)?

125

أَتَدْعُونَ بَعْلًۭا وَتَذَرُونَ أَحْسَنَ ٱلْخَٰلِقِينَ

Will ye cry unto Baal and forsake the Best of creators,

126

ٱللَّهَ رَبَّكُمْ وَرَبَّ ءَابَآئِكُمُ ٱلْأَوَّلِينَ

Allah, your Lord and Lord of your forefathers?

127

فَكَذَّبُوهُ فَإِنَّهُمْ لَمُحْضَرُونَ

But they denied him, so they surely will be haled forth (to the doom)

128

إِلَّا عِبَادَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلْمُخْلَصِينَ

Save single-minded slaves of Allah.

129

وَتَرَكْنَا عَلَيْهِ فِى ٱلْءَاخِرِينَ

And we left for him among the later folk (the salutation):

130

سَلَٰمٌ عَلَىٰٓ إِلْ يَاسِينَ

Peace be unto Elias!

131

إِنَّا كَذَٰلِكَ نَجْزِى ٱلْمُحْسِنِينَ

Lo! thus do We reward the good.

132

إِنَّهُۥ مِنْ عِبَادِنَا ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ

Lo! he is one of our believing slaves.

Common ground

Where they agree

  • A prophet sent to call his people from Baal to the One God.

Said plainly, ranked never

Where they differ

  • His return before the Messiah is a Jewish hope (Malachi 3:23).
  • Christians see John the Baptist as the Elijah who was to come, though in John 1:21 John denies it.
  • The ascent in a whirlwind is in the Bible; the link with al-Khidr is later tradition, not the Qur'an.

Era and place

The world of Elijah

Where
Gilead (his home, Tishbe), Mount Carmel, the brook Cherith, Zarephath on the Lebanese coast, and Horeb.
When
The 9th century BCE.
What archaeology can and cannot say
King Ahab appears on the Assyrian Kurkh Monolith (853 BCE, the battle of Qarqar), and the Mesha Stele names his father Omri. Carved ivories from Samaria show the luxury the prophets condemned.

Gallery

The world of Elijah

A raven on the rocks: “the ravens brought him bread” (1 Kings 17:6)
A raven on the rocks: “the ravens brought him bread” (1 Kings 17:6)Common Raven (Corvus corax), Tefia, Fuerteventura, Frank.Vassen, CC BY 2.0
Storm clouds gathering over the sea
Storm clouds gathering over the sea'Sacrifice' (Explored #23), Luke Peterson Photography, CC BY 2.0
A cave mouth in the rock
A cave mouth in the rockCarlsbad Caverns Natural Entrance, U.S. Geological Survey, CC0 1.0
A whirlwind of fire
A whirlwind of firePhoto of the Week - Fire whirl at Great Dismal Swamp Refuge (VA), U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Northeast Region, Public domain

Go deeper

Go deeper

Midrash and Jewish tradition

In Talmudic stories Elijah visits sages and the poor in disguise (for example Bava Metzia 59b). Malachi's promise makes him the herald of redemption.

Christian tradition

Luke 4:25–26 recalls Elijah's help for a foreign widow. The Transfiguration places him beside Moses as a witness.

Read the passages Luke 4:25–26

Luke 4:25–26 · New Testament · WEB British Edition

25

But truly I tell you, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land.

26

Elijah was sent to none of them, except to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow.

Tafsir and hadith

Ibn Kathir, on 37:123, places Ilyas among the prophets of Israel sent against the worship of Baal, and reads “Peace be unto Elias” (37:130) as God's honour on him.

Read the passages Qur'an 37:123, Qur'an 37:130

Qur'an 37:123 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

123

وَإِنَّ إِلْيَاسَ لَمِنَ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

And lo! Elias was of those sent (to warn),

Qur'an 37:130 · The Qur'an · Pickthall (1930)

130

سَلَٰمٌ عَلَىٰٓ إِلْ يَاسِينَ

Peace be unto Elias!

Sources and further reading
Picture credits

Watch more: Elijah

5 films and talks, chosen for this page. They play here.

  • Who Was Elijah & Why Is He Part of Many Jewish Practices? | The Story of Elijah The Prophet

    Jewish Learning Institute · 59 min

  • In the Footsteps of Elijah (as) – Mustafa Sahin

    Cambridge Central Mosque · 25 min

    Cambridge Central Mosque: in the footsteps of Elijah (Ilyas), a talk.

  • The Man Who Wanted to Meet Elijah

    Chabad.org · 5 min

    Chabad.org: the man who wanted to meet Elijah, a short story.

  • Will Elijah Be At Your Seder? Featuring Dr. Shira Weiss and Sacks Book Prize Winner Dr. Daniel Matt

    Sacks-Herenstein Center · 49 min

  • Steve Walton, ‘Elijah and Elisha in relation to John the Baptist and Jesus in Luke-Acts’

    Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge · 79 min

  • More films and talks on F-ILMWatch free